Cdp Choline - NutraPedia

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Cdp Choline: An Overview

1. Conditions Studied for Cdp Choline

Cdp Choline, also known as Citicoline or Cytidine diphosphate-choline, has been studied in the context of various health conditions, including:

  • Cognitive impairment and memory disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
  • Stroke recovery and cerebrovascular diseases.
  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  • Glaucoma and other eye disorders.
  • Age-related cognitive decline.
  • Drug addiction, particularly in relation to cocaine and other substances.

2. Efficacy in Treating Conditions

The effectiveness of Cdp Choline in treating the aforementioned conditions varies:

  • In cases of stroke and TBI, some studies suggest that Cdp Choline may help in the recovery of neurological function.
  • For cognitive impairments and memory disorders, there is evidence that Cdp Choline may improve memory and cognitive function, although results can be inconsistent.
  • Its impact on ADHD and substance addiction is still under investigation, with mixed results reported.
  • For eye health, particularly in glaucoma, limited studies indicate potential benefits in improving retinal and visual function.

3. Health Benefits of Cdp Choline

Beyond its use in specific conditions, Cdp Choline is also known for general health benefits such as:

  • Enhancing brain health and cognitive function.
  • Supporting neuronal membrane integrity and synthesis of phospholipids.
  • Possibly improving focus and mental energy.
  • Supporting neurotransmitter synthesis, which may benefit mood and communication within the brain.

4. Downsides of Cdp Choline

While Cdp Choline is generally well-tolerated, there are potential downsides, including:

  • Minor side effects such as insomnia, headache, diarrhea, low or high blood pressure, nausea, and blurred vision.
  • Possible interactions with medications, particularly those that affect the cholinergic system.
  • Overstimulation of the nervous system if taken in high doses or by individuals sensitive to choline supplements.

5. Cdp Choline and Genetic Variations

The relationship between Cdp Choline and genetic variations is an emerging area of research. Some considerations include:

  • Individuals with certain genetic polymorphisms, such as in the choline metabolism pathways, may experience different effects from Cdp Choline supplementation.
  • There is ongoing research into whether certain genotypes could benefit more or experience more side effects from Cdp Choline.
  • However, specific gene variations that would make Cdp Choline particularly beneficial or harmful are not well-defined as of current knowledge.
It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement, especially in the context of known genetic variations or conditions.

Summary of CDP-Choline (Citicoline) Research

CDP-Choline, also known as Citicoline, is a naturally occurring compound that serves as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is used as a dietary supplement and has potential applications in therapeutic treatments for cognitive impairments, neurodegenerative disorders, and stroke recovery. Citicoline has been studied for its neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects and its ability to influence neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine.

Key Research Findings:

  • CDP-Choline supplementation can enhance memory and learning in rodents, showing potential benefits for age-related cognitive decline.
  • It has been found to stabilize neuronal cell membranes and reduce neuronal death in models of cerebral ischemia.
  • In some clinical trials, Citicoline improved visual function in patients with glaucoma, indicating possible neuroprotective effects on ocular health.
  • CDP-Choline may modulate the brain's cholinergic system, affecting the release of various hormones like ACTH, GH, TSH, and LH.
  • Research suggests that CDP-Choline can increase dopamine release in the retina and brain, which may be beneficial for conditions like Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairments.
  • Although studies on the efficacy of Citicoline in treating cocaine addiction have shown mixed results, it has been considered safe for use in individuals with cocaine dependence.

Safety and Side Effects:

  • Citicoline has a favorable safety profile, with most studies reporting minimal side effects.

Conclusion:

CDP-Choline shows promise as a neuroprotective agent with potential applications in the treatment of various neurological conditions, cognitive enhancements, and eye health. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and to confirm its therapeutic benefits.

References:


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  4. The Kennedy pathway--De novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine
  5. Phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells
  6. Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle
  7. Structure and function of choline kinase isoforms in mammalian cells
  8. Choline kinase and its function
  9. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine from a phosphocholine precursor pool derived from the late endosomal/lysosomal degradation of sphingomyelin
  10. CTP: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: paving the way from gene to membrane
  11. Regulation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase by amphitropism and relocalization
  12. Regulatory enzymes of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis: a personal perspective
  13. Cholinephosphotransferase from mammalian sources
  14. Cloning, genomic organization, and characterization of a human cholinephosphotransferase
  15. Cloning and expression of a human choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
  16. Identification and characterization of human ethanolaminephosphotransferase1
  17. Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans
  18. Metabolism of cytidine (5?)-diphosphocholine (cdp-choline) following oral and intravenous administration to the human and the rat
  19. Biochemical rationale for the use of CDPcholine in traumatic brain injury: pharmacokinetics of the orally administered drug
  20. Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline
  21. Uridine and cytidine in the brain: their transport and utilization
  22. Vasomotor responses in the isolated perfused external and internal carotid vascular beds of the rat
  23. Cholinergic mechanisms in pial vessels. Histochemistry, electron microscopy and pharmacology
  24. Dual adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the cerebral arteries of the rat. An ultrastructural study
  25. Effects of CDP-choline on acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the perfused carotid vascular beds of the rat
  26. Evidence that 5'-cytidinediphosphocholine can affect brain phospholipid composition by increasing choline and cytidine plasma levels
  27. Cardiovascular effects of CDP-choline and its metabolites: involvement of peripheral autonomic nervous system
  28. Involvement of the histaminergic system in cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine-induced reversal of critical haemorrhagic hypotension in rats
  29. Intravenously injected CDP-choline increases blood pressure and reverses hypotension in haemorrhagic shock: effect is mediated by central cholinergic activation
  30. Cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricularly injected CDP-choline in normotensive and hypotensive animals: the involvement of cholinergic system
  31. Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects
  32. Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  33. Citicoline affects appetite and cortico-limbic responses to images of high-calorie foods
  34. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of choline in a mouse model of postoperative pain
  35. Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally injected cholinomimetic drugs in the rat and cat
  36. The effect of peripherally administered CDP-choline in an acute inflammatory pain model: the role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
  37. The antinociceptive effects of centrally administered CDP-choline on acute pain models in rats: the involvement of cholinergic system
  38. The antihyperalgesic effect of cytidine-5'-diphosphate-choline in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models
  39. Choline is a selective agonist of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat brain neurons
  40. Role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in central antinociception
  41. Nicotine-induced alteration in Tyr-Gly-Gly and Met-enkephalin in discrete brain nuclei reflects altered enkephalin neuron activity
  42. Involvement of cholinergic and opioid receptor mechanisms in nicotine-induced antinociception
  43. Nicotine potentiates morphine antinociception: a possible cholinergic mechanism
  44. Possible involvement of supraspinal opioid and GABA receptors in CDP-choline-induced antinociception in acute pain models in rats
  45. Citicoline: neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia
  46. Effect of CDP-choline on brain acetylcholinesterase and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in adult rats
  47. Lipid alterations in transient forebrain ischemia: possible new mechanisms of CDP-choline neuroprotection
  48. Effects of CDPcholine and CDPethanolamine on the alterations in rat brain lipid metabolism induced by global ischemia
  49. Effects of citicoline on phospholipid and glutathione levels in transient cerebral ischemia
  50. CDP-choline reduces pro-caspase and cleaved caspase-3 expression, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and specific PARP-cleaved products of caspase activation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
  51. CDP-choline treatment induces brain plasticity markers expression in experimental animal stroke
  52. Effects of citicoline used alone and in combination with mild hypothermia on apoptosis induced by focal cerebral ischemia in rats
  53. Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model
  54. Effect of combined therapy with thrombolysis and citicoline in a rat model of embolic stroke
  55. The effects of prolonged treatment with citicoline in temporary experimental focal ischemia
  56. Synergistic effects of a combination of low-dose basic fibroblast growth factor and citicoline after temporary experimental focal ischemia
  57. Citicoline (CDP-choline) increases Sirtuin1 expression concomitant to neuroprotection in experimental stroke
  58. Effects of CDP-choline treatment on neurobehavioral deficits after TBI and on hippocampal and neocortical acetylcholine release
  59. Effect of citicoline on functional and cognitive status among patients with traumatic brain injury: Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment Trial (COBRIT)
  60. Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials
  61. Citicoline: update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair
  62. Citicoline in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study (ICTUS trial)
  63. Pathways of acetylcholine synthesis, transport and release as targets for treatment of adult-onset cognitive dysfunction
  64. Dietary supplementation with uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat
  65. Effect of choline-containing phospholipids on brain cholinergic transporters in the rat
  66. Effects of cholinergic enhancing drugs on cholinergic transporters in the brain and peripheral blood lymphocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats
  67. Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-choline treatment of aging mice
  68. Intraperitoneal administration of choline increases serum glucose in rat: involvement of the sympathoadrenal system
  69. Intraperitoneal administration of CDP-choline and its cholinergic and pyrimidinergic metabolites induce hyperglycemia in rats: involvement of the sympathoadrenal system
  70. Peripheral administration of CDP-choline, phosphocholine or choline increases plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations
  71. Effects of hypoxia and cytidine (5') diphosphocholine on the concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and metabolites in rat hypothalamus and striatum
  72. Modulation of monoaminergic transporters by choline-containing phospholipids in rat brain
  73. Dietary uridine-5'-monophosphate supplementation increases potassium-evoked dopamine release and promotes neurite outgrowth in aged rats
  74. Cytidine (5')diphosphocholine modulates dopamine K(+)-evoked release in striatum measured by microdialysis
  75. Effects of CDP-choline on striatal dopamine level and behavior in rats
  76. Stimulation of arteriolar number by salbutamol in spontaneously hypertensive rats
  77. CDP-choline reduces dopaminergic cell loss induced by MPP(+) and glutamate in primary mesencephalic cell culture
  78. Neuroprotective effect of citicoline in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats and in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells
  79. Dopamine receptor agonists, partial agonists and psychostimulant addiction
  80. Fluoxetine alters the effects of intravenous cocaine in humans
  81. Short-term treatment with citicoline (CDP-choline) attenuates some measures of craving in cocaine-dependent subjects: a preliminary report
  82. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline add-on therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence
  83. Effects of daily treatment with citicoline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in cocaine-dependent volunteers
  84. Effects of short-term citicoline treatment on acute cocaine intoxication and cardiovascular effects
  85. Dietary cytidine (5')-diphosphocholine supplementation protects against development of memory deficits in aging rats
  86. Effect of CDP-choline on learning and memory processes in rodents
  87. Effects of citicholine and of the combination citicholine + piracetam on the memory (experiments on mice)
  88. Comparative studies on the effects of the nootropic drugs adafenoxate, meclofenoxate and piracetam, and of citicholine on scopolamine-impaired memory, exploratory behavior and physical capabilities (experiments on rats and mice)
  89. Spatial learning deficits in old rats: a model for memory decline in the aged
  90. An evaluation of spatial information processing in aged rats
  91. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological changes in healthy adult humans across the age range
  92. Acetylcholine synthesis and release following continuous intracerebral administration of NGF in adult and aged Fischer-344 rats
  93. Turnover of synaptic membranes: age-related changes and modulation by dietary restriction
  94. Age-related changes in central nervous system phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity
  95. Chronic administration of UMP ameliorates the impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory in impoverished rats
  96. Effects of meclofenoxate and citicholine on learning and memory in aged rats
  97. Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging
  98. Neuroprotective effects of citidine-5-diphosphocholine on impaired spatial memory in a rat model of cerebrovascular dementia
  99. Choline increases serum insulin in rat when injected intraperitoneally and augments basal and stimulated aceylcholine release from the rat minced pancreas in vitro
  100. Choline, CDP-choline or phosphocholine increases plasma glucagon in rats: involvement of the peripheral autonomic nervous system
  101. Citicoline treatment increases retinal dopamine content in rabbits
  102. Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline) improves retinal and cortical responses in patients with glaucoma
  103. Evidence of the neuroprotective role of citicoline in glaucoma patients
  104. CDP-choline increases plasma ACTH and potentiates the stimulated release of GH, TSH and LH: the cholinergic involvement


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