Cdp Choline - NutraPedia
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Cdp Choline: An Overview
1. Conditions Studied for Cdp Choline
Cdp Choline, also known as Citicoline or Cytidine diphosphate-choline, has been studied in the context of various health conditions, including:
- Cognitive impairment and memory disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
- Stroke recovery and cerebrovascular diseases.
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI).
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
- Glaucoma and other eye disorders.
- Age-related cognitive decline.
- Drug addiction, particularly in relation to cocaine and other substances.
2. Efficacy in Treating Conditions
The effectiveness of Cdp Choline in treating the aforementioned conditions varies:
- In cases of stroke and TBI, some studies suggest that Cdp Choline may help in the recovery of neurological function.
- For cognitive impairments and memory disorders, there is evidence that Cdp Choline may improve memory and cognitive function, although results can be inconsistent.
- Its impact on ADHD and substance addiction is still under investigation, with mixed results reported.
- For eye health, particularly in glaucoma, limited studies indicate potential benefits in improving retinal and visual function.
3. Health Benefits of Cdp Choline
Beyond its use in specific conditions, Cdp Choline is also known for general health benefits such as:
- Enhancing brain health and cognitive function.
- Supporting neuronal membrane integrity and synthesis of phospholipids.
- Possibly improving focus and mental energy.
- Supporting neurotransmitter synthesis, which may benefit mood and communication within the brain.
4. Downsides of Cdp Choline
While Cdp Choline is generally well-tolerated, there are potential downsides, including:
- Minor side effects such as insomnia, headache, diarrhea, low or high blood pressure, nausea, and blurred vision.
- Possible interactions with medications, particularly those that affect the cholinergic system.
- Overstimulation of the nervous system if taken in high doses or by individuals sensitive to choline supplements.
5. Cdp Choline and Genetic Variations
The relationship between Cdp Choline and genetic variations is an emerging area of research. Some considerations include:
- Individuals with certain genetic polymorphisms, such as in the choline metabolism pathways, may experience different effects from Cdp Choline supplementation.
- There is ongoing research into whether certain genotypes could benefit more or experience more side effects from Cdp Choline.
- However, specific gene variations that would make Cdp Choline particularly beneficial or harmful are not well-defined as of current knowledge.
Summary of CDP-Choline (Citicoline) Research
CDP-Choline, also known as Citicoline, is a naturally occurring compound that serves as a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is used as a dietary supplement and has potential applications in therapeutic treatments for cognitive impairments, neurodegenerative disorders, and stroke recovery. Citicoline has been studied for its neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects and its ability to influence neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine.
Key Research Findings:
- CDP-Choline supplementation can enhance memory and learning in rodents, showing potential benefits for age-related cognitive decline.
- It has been found to stabilize neuronal cell membranes and reduce neuronal death in models of cerebral ischemia.
- In some clinical trials, Citicoline improved visual function in patients with glaucoma, indicating possible neuroprotective effects on ocular health.
- CDP-Choline may modulate the brain's cholinergic system, affecting the release of various hormones like ACTH, GH, TSH, and LH.
- Research suggests that CDP-Choline can increase dopamine release in the retina and brain, which may be beneficial for conditions like Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairments.
- Although studies on the efficacy of Citicoline in treating cocaine addiction have shown mixed results, it has been considered safe for use in individuals with cocaine dependence.
Safety and Side Effects:
- Citicoline has a favorable safety profile, with most studies reporting minimal side effects.
Conclusion:
CDP-Choline shows promise as a neuroprotective agent with potential applications in the treatment of various neurological conditions, cognitive enhancements, and eye health. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and to confirm its therapeutic benefits.
References:
- Citicoline. Monograph
- Eight weeks of citicoline treatment does not perturb sleep/wake cycles in cocaine-dependent adults
- A rapid LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantitation of choline, an active metabolite of citicoline: Application to in vivo pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study in Indian healthy male volunteers
- The Kennedy pathway--De novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine
- Phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells
- Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle
- Structure and function of choline kinase isoforms in mammalian cells
- Choline kinase and its function
- Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine from a phosphocholine precursor pool derived from the late endosomal/lysosomal degradation of sphingomyelin
- CTP: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: paving the way from gene to membrane
- Regulation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase by amphitropism and relocalization
- Regulatory enzymes of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis: a personal perspective
- Cholinephosphotransferase from mammalian sources
- Cloning, genomic organization, and characterization of a human cholinephosphotransferase
- Cloning and expression of a human choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine
- Identification and characterization of human ethanolaminephosphotransferase1
- Effect of oral CDP-choline on plasma choline and uridine levels in humans
- Metabolism of cytidine (5?)-diphosphocholine (cdp-choline) following oral and intravenous administration to the human and the rat
- Biochemical rationale for the use of CDPcholine in traumatic brain injury: pharmacokinetics of the orally administered drug
- Metabolism and actions of CDP-choline as an endogenous compound and administered exogenously as citicoline
- Uridine and cytidine in the brain: their transport and utilization
- Vasomotor responses in the isolated perfused external and internal carotid vascular beds of the rat
- Cholinergic mechanisms in pial vessels. Histochemistry, electron microscopy and pharmacology
- Dual adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the cerebral arteries of the rat. An ultrastructural study
- Effects of CDP-choline on acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the perfused carotid vascular beds of the rat
- Evidence that 5'-cytidinediphosphocholine can affect brain phospholipid composition by increasing choline and cytidine plasma levels
- Cardiovascular effects of CDP-choline and its metabolites: involvement of peripheral autonomic nervous system
- Involvement of the histaminergic system in cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine-induced reversal of critical haemorrhagic hypotension in rats
- Intravenously injected CDP-choline increases blood pressure and reverses hypotension in haemorrhagic shock: effect is mediated by central cholinergic activation
- Cardiovascular effects of intracerebroventricularly injected CDP-choline in normotensive and hypotensive animals: the involvement of cholinergic system
- Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects
- Citicoline enhances frontal lobe bioenergetics as measured by phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Citicoline affects appetite and cortico-limbic responses to images of high-calorie foods
- Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of choline in a mouse model of postoperative pain
- Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally injected cholinomimetic drugs in the rat and cat
- The effect of peripherally administered CDP-choline in an acute inflammatory pain model: the role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
- The antinociceptive effects of centrally administered CDP-choline on acute pain models in rats: the involvement of cholinergic system
- The antihyperalgesic effect of cytidine-5'-diphosphate-choline in neuropathic and inflammatory pain models
- Choline is a selective agonist of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat brain neurons
- Role of muscarinic receptor subtypes in central antinociception
- Nicotine-induced alteration in Tyr-Gly-Gly and Met-enkephalin in discrete brain nuclei reflects altered enkephalin neuron activity
- Involvement of cholinergic and opioid receptor mechanisms in nicotine-induced antinociception
- Nicotine potentiates morphine antinociception: a possible cholinergic mechanism
- Possible involvement of supraspinal opioid and GABA receptors in CDP-choline-induced antinociception in acute pain models in rats
- Citicoline: neuroprotective mechanisms in cerebral ischemia
- Effect of CDP-choline on brain acetylcholinesterase and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in adult rats
- Lipid alterations in transient forebrain ischemia: possible new mechanisms of CDP-choline neuroprotection
- Effects of CDPcholine and CDPethanolamine on the alterations in rat brain lipid metabolism induced by global ischemia
- Effects of citicoline on phospholipid and glutathione levels in transient cerebral ischemia
- CDP-choline reduces pro-caspase and cleaved caspase-3 expression, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and specific PARP-cleaved products of caspase activation following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
- CDP-choline treatment induces brain plasticity markers expression in experimental animal stroke
- Effects of citicoline used alone and in combination with mild hypothermia on apoptosis induced by focal cerebral ischemia in rats
- Effects of citicoline combined with thrombolytic therapy in a rat embolic stroke model
- Effect of combined therapy with thrombolysis and citicoline in a rat model of embolic stroke
- The effects of prolonged treatment with citicoline in temporary experimental focal ischemia
- Synergistic effects of a combination of low-dose basic fibroblast growth factor and citicoline after temporary experimental focal ischemia
- Citicoline (CDP-choline) increases Sirtuin1 expression concomitant to neuroprotection in experimental stroke
- Effects of CDP-choline treatment on neurobehavioral deficits after TBI and on hippocampal and neocortical acetylcholine release
- Effect of citicoline on functional and cognitive status among patients with traumatic brain injury: Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment Trial (COBRIT)
- Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials
- Citicoline: update on a promising and widely available agent for neuroprotection and neurorepair
- Citicoline in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study (ICTUS trial)
- Pathways of acetylcholine synthesis, transport and release as targets for treatment of adult-onset cognitive dysfunction
- Dietary supplementation with uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), a membrane phosphatide precursor, increases acetylcholine level and release in striatum of aged rat
- Effect of choline-containing phospholipids on brain cholinergic transporters in the rat
- Effects of cholinergic enhancing drugs on cholinergic transporters in the brain and peripheral blood lymphocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Changes in brain striatum dopamine and acetylcholine receptors induced by chronic CDP-choline treatment of aging mice
- Intraperitoneal administration of choline increases serum glucose in rat: involvement of the sympathoadrenal system
- Intraperitoneal administration of CDP-choline and its cholinergic and pyrimidinergic metabolites induce hyperglycemia in rats: involvement of the sympathoadrenal system
- Peripheral administration of CDP-choline, phosphocholine or choline increases plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations
- Effects of hypoxia and cytidine (5') diphosphocholine on the concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and metabolites in rat hypothalamus and striatum
- Modulation of monoaminergic transporters by choline-containing phospholipids in rat brain
- Dietary uridine-5'-monophosphate supplementation increases potassium-evoked dopamine release and promotes neurite outgrowth in aged rats
- Cytidine (5')diphosphocholine modulates dopamine K(+)-evoked release in striatum measured by microdialysis
- Effects of CDP-choline on striatal dopamine level and behavior in rats
- Stimulation of arteriolar number by salbutamol in spontaneously hypertensive rats
- CDP-choline reduces dopaminergic cell loss induced by MPP(+) and glutamate in primary mesencephalic cell culture
- Neuroprotective effect of citicoline in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats and in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells
- Dopamine receptor agonists, partial agonists and psychostimulant addiction
- Fluoxetine alters the effects of intravenous cocaine in humans
- Short-term treatment with citicoline (CDP-choline) attenuates some measures of craving in cocaine-dependent subjects: a preliminary report
- A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline add-on therapy in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence
- Effects of daily treatment with citicoline: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in cocaine-dependent volunteers
- Effects of short-term citicoline treatment on acute cocaine intoxication and cardiovascular effects
- Dietary cytidine (5')-diphosphocholine supplementation protects against development of memory deficits in aging rats
- Effect of CDP-choline on learning and memory processes in rodents
- Effects of citicholine and of the combination citicholine + piracetam on the memory (experiments on mice)
- Comparative studies on the effects of the nootropic drugs adafenoxate, meclofenoxate and piracetam, and of citicholine on scopolamine-impaired memory, exploratory behavior and physical capabilities (experiments on rats and mice)
- Spatial learning deficits in old rats: a model for memory decline in the aged
- An evaluation of spatial information processing in aged rats
- Neuropsychological and neurophysiological changes in healthy adult humans across the age range
- Acetylcholine synthesis and release following continuous intracerebral administration of NGF in adult and aged Fischer-344 rats
- Turnover of synaptic membranes: age-related changes and modulation by dietary restriction
- Age-related changes in central nervous system phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity
- Chronic administration of UMP ameliorates the impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory in impoverished rats
- Effects of meclofenoxate and citicholine on learning and memory in aged rats
- Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging
- Neuroprotective effects of citidine-5-diphosphocholine on impaired spatial memory in a rat model of cerebrovascular dementia
- Choline increases serum insulin in rat when injected intraperitoneally and augments basal and stimulated aceylcholine release from the rat minced pancreas in vitro
- Choline, CDP-choline or phosphocholine increases plasma glucagon in rats: involvement of the peripheral autonomic nervous system
- Citicoline treatment increases retinal dopamine content in rabbits
- Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (citicoline) improves retinal and cortical responses in patients with glaucoma
- Evidence of the neuroprotective role of citicoline in glaucoma patients
- CDP-choline increases plasma ACTH and potentiates the stimulated release of GH, TSH and LH: the cholinergic involvement
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