Chlorophyll Overview

1) Conditions Studied

Chlorophyll has been studied for a variety of conditions, including:

• Wound healing
• Body odor
• Acne treatment
• Anti-aging effects
• Potential anticancer properties
• Weight loss

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

While some studies suggest potential health benefits of chlorophyll, the evidence for its efficacy in treating specific conditions is mixed. For instance:

• Some studies have found chlorophyll derivatives helpful in wound healing and reducing body odor.
• Its role in acne treatment and anti-aging is less clear and more research is needed.
• Research on chlorophyll's potential anticancer properties is ongoing, but it is not yet an established treatment.
• Its impact on weight loss is also not well established.

3) Health Benefits

Chlorophyll is known for several health benefits, such as:

• Detoxifying properties
• Improving the quality of red blood cells
• Antioxidant effects
• Potential to improve liver function

4) Downsides

Chlorophyll is generally considered safe for most people, but there are some downsides, including:

• Occasional digestive upset or diarrhea
• Possible allergic reactions in some individuals
• Can cause green-colored stools or urine
• Interaction with certain medications

5) Genetic Variations

Currently, there is limited research on chlorophyll's effects on specific genetic variations. Most studies do not indicate that chlorophyll is particularly beneficial or harmful for any specific genetic variations. However, as research evolves, more information may become available concerning genetic interactions.

Summary on Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin Research

Effects on Carcinogen Bioavailability

Studies on chlorophyll (Chla) and chlorophyllin (CHL) have suggested their potential to reduce the bioavailability of carcinogens in animals and humans. In a human study, Chla and CHL significantly decreased the absorption of the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), suggesting similar benefits in reducing carcinogen effects.

Impact on Metabolic Disorder

Research on Japanese patients with trimethylaminuria (TMAU) indicates that dietary supplements such as activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin can effectively reduce urinary free trimethylamine (TMA), thereby improving the quality of life for TMAU patients.

Chemopreventive Actions

A clinical trial in China demonstrated that CHL, a water-soluble derivative of chlorophyll, can prevent DNA adduct formation and potentially exhibit chemopreventive actions in humans against aflatoxin B(1)-induced carcinogenesis.

Health Benefits and Sustainability

Chlorophylls exhibit high antioxidant activity, offering anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity benefits. Extracting chlorophyll from food by-products is suggested as a sustainable practice to minimize waste and enhance food production sustainability.

Antioxidant and Radioprotective Properties

Chlorophyllin acts as an antioxidant and radioprotector for mouse splenic lymphocytes, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing the suppression of lymphocyte activation by radiation.

Stress Tolerance and Lifespan Extension

Chlorophyll was found to enhance stress tolerance and prolong the lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans, mediated through the activation of the DAF-16/FOXO pathway.

Anti-obesity Effects in Early Life

Chlorophyll supplementation in mice showed slowed weight gain and improved glucose tolerance, hinting at the potential for preventing obesity in children.

Improvement in Diabetic Liver Condition

Chlorophyll-a, through photodynamic therapy, demonstrated potential benefits in reducing hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in the liver of diabetic rats.

Cancer Development Inhibition Across Species

Chlorophyll and its derivative CHL have shown a protective mechanism against carcinogen-induced tumor formation in both rats and rainbow trout.

Anti-genotoxic Protection

Natural chlorophylls were effective in reducing DNA damage caused by the carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP) in rainbow trout.

Protection Against Multi-Organ Carcinogenesis

Chl and CHL provided significant protection against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced carcinogenesis in the liver and colon of rats by forming complexes with AFB1 that reduce its bioavailability.

Counteracting Negative Effects of Red Meat

Chlorophyll in green vegetables may reduce the risk of colon cancer by counteracting the harmful effects of haem found in red meat.

Chlorophyllin's Interaction with Mutagens

CHL forms molecular complexes with heterocyclic amine mutagens potentially inhibiting their mutagenic activity.

Chlorophyllin's Role Against Carcinogens

CHL inhibits the mutagenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by speeding up the degradation of the carcinogen, rather than preventing its activation.

Anticarcinogenic Effects Against Aflatoxin

CHL's ability to form a complex with AFB1 may be key to its anticarcinogenic effects, potentially blocking the toxin’s interaction with DNA.

Reduction of Aflatoxin Exposure

In a Chinese study, chlorophyllin supplementation resulted in a 55% reduction in median urinary levels of an aflatoxin biomarker, suggesting its potential as a preventative intervention against cancers caused by environmental toxins.

Odor Reduction and Constipation Relief

Chlorophyllin tablets were effective in reducing body and fecal odors and relieving chronic constipation in nursing home patients.

Chemopreventive Effects

CHL stimulates production of antioxidant enzymes, providing protection against oxidative damage, highlighting its potential as a prophylactic treatment.

Digestion and Absorption of Chlorophyll Derivatives

Studies provide evidence for the uptake of chlorophyll derivatives by human intestinal cells, suggesting their beneficial phytochemical roles for health.

Improvement of Blood Parameters

Injectable chlorophyll significantly enhanced various blood parameters, indicating its potential to prevent anemia.

Treating Aplastic Anaemia

Sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC) showed promise in treating aplastic anaemia by enhancing hematopoietic function and modulating immune disorders.

Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia

Shengxuening (SXN) tablets, containing chlorophyll derivatives, have proven efficient and safe for treating iron deficiency anemia in adults and children.

Improving Renal Anemia and Reducing Inflammation

SXN is more effective than traditional oral iron supplements in treating renal anemia and reducing inflammatory markers.

No Significant Effect on Fecal Odor in Colostomy Patients

A study concluded that chlorophyll tablets did not significantly reduce fecal odor in colostomy patients.

Photodynamic Therapy for Acne

Chlorophyll-a photodynamic therapy (PDT) in treating acne vulgaris showed a significant reduction in acne lesions and sebum production with minimal side effects.

Reducing Facial Redness and Rosacea

A topical gel containing liposomal sodium copper chlorophyllin complex was effective and safe for individuals with facial redness and rosacea.

References:

1. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B(1) pharmacokinetics in human volunteers
2. Effects of the dietary supplements, activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese trimethylaminuria patients
3. Identification and characterization of chlorin e(4) ethyl ester in sera of individuals participating in the chlorophyllin chemoprevention trial
4. Chlorophylls as Natural Bioactive Compounds Existing in Food By-Products: A Critical Review
5. Enhancing Health Benefits through Chlorophylls and Chlorophyll-Rich Agro-Food: A Comprehensive Review
6. Effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative stress in splenic lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo
7. Chlorophyll enhances oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans and extends its lifespan
8. Chlorophyll Supplementation in Early Life Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice
9. Chlorophyll treatment combined with photostimulation increases glycolysis and decreases oxidative stress in the liver of type 1 diabetic rats
10. Low-dose dietary chlorophyll inhibits multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rainbow trout
11. Chemoprotection by natural chlorophylls in vivo: inhibition of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-DNA adducts in rainbow trout liver
12. Natural chlorophyll inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rat
13. Green vegetables, red meat and colon cancer: chlorophyll prevents the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of haem in rat colon
14. Study of the forces of stabilizing complexes between chlorophylls and heterocyclic amine mutagens
15. Mechanisms of the in vitro antimutagenic action of chlorophyllin against benzo[a]pyrene: studies of enzyme inhibition, molecular complex formation and degradation of the ultimate carcinogen
16. Mechanisms of chlorophyllin anticarcinogenesis against aflatoxin B1: complex formation with the carcinogen
17. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer
18. Use of chlorophyllin in the care of geriatric patients
19. Chlorophyll-induced pseudoporphyria with ongoing photosensitivity after cessation - a case series of four patients
20. The present status of topical chlorophyll therapy
21. Protection of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage by inducing HO-1 and NQO1 expression mediated by PI3K/Akt and Nrf2
22. Assessment of degradation and intestinal cell uptake of carotenoids and chlorophyll derivatives from spinach puree using an in vitro digestion and Caco-2 human cell model
23. Digestive stability, micellarization, and uptake by Caco-2 human intestinal cell of chlorophyll derivatives from different preparations of pea (Pisum sativum L.)
24. Chemistry in the Bioactivity of Chlorophylls: An Overview
25. Anemia
26. Haems and chlorophylls: comparison of function and formation
27. Improvement of Blood Parameters of Male Rats Exposed to Different Injection Doses of Liquid Chlorophyll
28. Effects of Sodium Chlorophyllin Copper on APO-1 Expression in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Rats with Aplastic Anaemia
29. Efficacy of SXN in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Phase IV Clinical Trial
30. Effect and safety of Shengxuening (extract from excrement of bombyxin) for renal anemia: a systematic review
31. Shengxuening versus Oral Iron Supplementation for the Treatment of Renal Anemia: A Systematic Review
32. [Can chlorophyll reduce fecal odor in colostomy patients?]
33. Chlorophyll in wound healing and suppurative disease
34. Enzymatic debriding agents: an evaluation of the medical literature
35. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of topical copper chlorophyllin in women with photodamaged facial skin
36. Photodynamic therapy using chlorophyll-a in the treatment of acne vulgaris: a randomized, single-blind, split-face study
37. Pilot study on photodynamic therapy for acne using chlorophyll: evaluator-blinded, split-face study
38. Topical Treatment With Liposomal Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin Complex in Subjects With Facial Redness and Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea: Case Studies

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