Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

1) Conditions Studied for Conjugated Linoleic Acid

• Weight loss and obesity management
• Type 2 diabetes
• Cancer prevention
• Cardiovascular disease
• Inflammation and immune function
• Muscle growth and strength

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

• Weight Loss: Mixed results; some studies indicate a modest reduction in body fat, while others show minimal or no effect.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Limited evidence; some animal studies suggest potential benefits, but human studies are inconclusive.
• Cancer: Research is preliminary; CLA has shown anticancer effects in animal studies, but human data is limited and not definitive.
• Cardiovascular Disease: Insufficient evidence; some studies suggest possible benefits, while others have raised concerns about potential adverse effects on lipid profiles.
• Inflammation and Immune Function: Some animal studies have shown anti-inflammatory properties, but human studies are needed for conclusive results.
• Muscle Growth: Studies are inconclusive, with some suggesting possible benefits for muscle mass increase and others finding no significant effects.

3) Health Benefits of Conjugated Linoleic Acid

• Potential modest reduction in body fat
• May have anti-carcinogenic properties
• Possibly improves immune function
• Could enhance muscle strength and endurance

4) Downsides of Conjugated Linoleic Acid

• May cause digestive side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and bloating
• Potential increase in liver fat, which can be a concern for individuals with metabolic syndrome
• Can adversely affect lipid profile, increasing risk of cardiovascular disease
• Long-term safety is not well established

5) Impact of Genetic Variations on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Effects

• Individual genetic variations can influence how CLA is metabolized and its overall effects on the body.
• Some polymorphisms in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) genes may affect the responsiveness to CLA in terms of weight loss and fat metabolism.
• Genetic differences in fatty acid desaturases could potentially alter the efficacy and safety profile of CLA supplementation.
• More research is needed to fully understand the interaction between CLA and genetic variations.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Meat Quality in Piemontese Bulls

CLA supplementation significantly increased levels of c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA isomers in muscle tissue. Low protein diets combined with rpCLA enhanced meat CLA content without impacting growth performance or meat quality, while reducing nitrogen excretion.

CLA in Sarda Sheep Meat

Sarda sheep meat from farms had higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content and favorable ratios of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs. Dietary supplements during grazing improved lipid quality in the meat.

CLA's Impact on Broiler Chickens

Dietary CLA improved weight gain, feed conversion, and muscle fatty acid composition in broiler chickens. CLA also affected lipid oxidation during meat storage and altered serum lipoprotein levels.

Health Claims of CLA

Although CLA has demonstrated potential benefits for cancer and weight loss, particularly with the t10,c12-CLA isomer, more evidence is needed to confirm health claims. Concerns over potential pro-diabetic effects of synthetic CLA supplements exist.

CLA Effects on Atherosclerotic Markers

CLA-rich pecorino cheese showed potential benefits in reducing inflammatory markers and improving atherosclerotic biomarkers over a short-term intake.

CLA in Butter and Health Risks

A CLA-rich diet from butter increased lipid peroxidation but did not significantly alter cardiovascular disease, inflammation, or diabetes markers.

CLA in White Button Mushrooms

White button mushroom extracts, particularly CLA, demonstrated anticancer properties by inhibiting aromatase activity and reducing breast cancer cell proliferation.

CLA as an Anticarcinogen

CLA, found in animal-based foods, proved to be an effective anticarcinogen in a rat mammary tumor model, suggesting a potential preventative role against cancer.

Less Common CLA Isomers

The 9E,11E-CLA isomer has shown different effects on various cells compared to common CLA isomers, highlighting the need to understand isomer-specific actions of CLA.

CLA Content in Dairy Products

The study found varying levels of CLA in cheeses, with Blue, Brie, Edam, and Swiss cheeses containing higher amounts. Cultured buttermilk had the highest CLA content among fermented dairy products.

CLA Supplementation in Japanese Individuals

CLA increased in the blood during supplementation and was metabolized at different rates, with the 10t12c-CLA isomer being eliminated faster than the 9c11t-CLA isomer.

CLA Mixtures and Human Use

Commercially available CLA mixtures vary in isomer content and purity. CLA preparations enriched with c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers may be safer and more effective for human use.

PPARgamma2 and CLA Isomers

CLA isomers influenced glucose and lipid metabolism through PPARgamma, with the impact dependent on the individual's PPARgamma2 genotype.

CLA Isomers on Neural Progenitor Cells

The cis-9 trans-11 CLA isomer promoted neural progenitor cell proliferation, while the trans-10 cis-12 CLA isomer inhibited it, suggesting differential effects on neural growth.

CLA and Insulin Resistance

t10c12 CLA supplementation increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which were strongly associated with worsening insulin resistance in obese men.

CLA and Body Composition

t10c12 CLA increased insulin resistance and blood sugar levels, while c9,t11 CLA increased insulin resistance without affecting body composition.

CLA Isomers and Diabetes

Higher plasma levels of CLA, particularly the t10c12-CLA isomer, were associated with reduced body weight and lower serum leptin levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

CLA Isomers in Adipose Tissue and Muscle

The t10c12 isomer was significantly incorporated into adipose tissue, while the c9t11 isomer showed increased incorporation in skeletal muscle phospholipids.

CLA and Blood Pressure

The t10, c12-CLA isomer reduced blood pressure and improved adipocyte size and function, suggesting a link to altered secretion of vasoactive molecules from adipose tissue.

CLA on Mouse Body Composition

Feeding mice the trans-10,cis-12 isomer led to body fat reduction and changes in muscle composition, while other CLA isomers did not have the same effect.

CLA on Obesity-Related Factors in Rats

CLA decreased fat cell size and positively altered hormone status and insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant rats.

CLA on Fat Cells and Renin-Angiotensin System

While the t10,c12-CLA isomer reduced fat cell size, it did not affect the renin-angiotensin system or inflammatory markers in obese Zucker rats.

CLA and Age-Related Muscle Loss

Diets supplemented with t10c12-CLA or a mix of CLA isomers led to increased muscle mass and antioxidant enzymes in mice, suggesting potential in preventing sarcopenia.

CLA Isomer on Exercise Endurance

The trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer enhanced endurance capacity in mice by promoting fat oxidation, potentially involving PPARδ activation.

CLA Isomers on Bone Density

The t10c12-CLA isomer improved bone density in aging mice, suggesting a dietary role in preserving bone health during aging.

CLA Isomers and LDL Receptors

The t10c12-CLA isomer increased hepatic LDL receptor activity, suggesting CLA could reduce plasma cholesterol by enhancing cholesterol uptake in the liver.

CLA and Fat Accumulation Inhibition

The isolated CLA derivative 9-HODE from adlay seed extracts was found to prevent fat accumulation in mouse fat cells.

CLA and PPARgamma Activation in Adipose Tissue

PPARgamma agonists, such as 9-E,E-HODE from adlay seeds, may act as natural PPARgamma activators in mammalian cells, regulating lipid metabolism.

CLA and Inflammatory Response in Skin Cells

The oxidized fatty acid 9-HODE, recognized by the G2A receptor, contributes to inflammatory responses in human skin cells under oxidative stress.

G2A Receptor Splice Variant and Oxidized Fatty Acids

A new splice variant of the G2A receptor, G2A-b, was identified and responds similarly to the oxidized fatty acid 9-HODE, influencing receptor function.

13-oxo-ODA and Dyslipidemia

The compound 13-oxo-ODA from tomato juice activated PPARα more strongly than CLA and reduced plasma and liver triglycerides in obese diabetic mice.

CLA Isomers and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression

CLA isomers increased antioxidant enzyme expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, but careful dosage is necessary to avoid pro-oxidant effects.

CLA and Inflammation in Macrophages

CLA reduced the expression of inflammatory enzymes and production of inflammatory compounds in macrophage cells by inhibiting the NF-kappaB pathway.

CLA and Lipid Metabolism

CLA improved plasma TAG and VLDL metabolism in humans, suggesting potential cardio-protective effects observed in animals could apply to humans.

CLA Isomers and Insulin Resistance

Different CLA isomers have varying impacts on fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with some isomers increasing insulin resistance in female mice.

CLA Isomers and Body Composition

CLA did not cause insulin resistance in lean individuals or older obese men, except for raising fasting glucose in the latter group.

CLA vs. Fish Oil on Atherogenic Risk Markers

CLA isomer cis-9,trans-11 was more effective in improving plasma cholesterol levels and increasing liver receptors for bad cholesterol removal than fish oil.

CLA Isomers' Opposing Effects on Health

CLA isomers have opposing effects on blood lipid profiles in healthy humans, with trans-10,cis-12 CLA potentially posing a risk for heart health.

CLA and Insulin Resistance in Human Adipocytes

CLA leads to insulin resistance in human adipocytes by activating NFkappaB, which triggers the production of cytokines such as IL-6.

CLA and Fat Cell Metabolism

CLA decreases fat storage in human adipocytes by activating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway through the production of interleukins-6 and 8.

CLA and Intracellular Calcium

CLA causes inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes by increasing intracellular calcium levels, which can be counteracted by managing calcium.

CLA and Lipid Metabolism in Preadipocytes

Trans-10,cis-12 CLA negatively impacts glucose and lipid metabolism in preadipocytes by altering gene transcription and decreasing PPARgamma expression.

PPAR-gamma and Diabetes Treatment

The article discusses PPAR-gamma's role in insulin resistance and the effects of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) on adipose tissue and cardiovascular benefits for diabetes patients.

CLA and Insulin Sensitivity

A study with young, sedentary individuals showed an increase in the insulin sensitivity index and a decrease in fasting insulin levels from CLA supplementation.

CLA and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Individuals

A study with overweight, non-diabetic individuals found that CLA supplementation did not significantly influence glucose uptake or insulin sensitivity.

CLA, Chromium Picolinate, and Weight Loss

A study with overweight, premenopausal women on a diet and exercise regimen found that CP-CLA supplementation did not enhance the effects of weight loss efforts.

CLA-Supplemented Milk and Metabolic Syndrome

CLA-supplemented milk significantly reduced fat mass in overweight individuals without causing biological changes or affecting metabolic syndrome parameters.

CLA and Blood Lipids in Overweight Men

CLA supplementation did not significantly change body weight, body composition, or blood lipid levels in overweight, hyperlipidemic men.

CLA and Insulin Resistance in Obese Men

CLA supplementation in obese men increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which appear to be closely related to the development of insulin resistance.

CLA Diet and Body Composition

CLA in a high-fat diet has benefits like lowering blood TG levels and offering oxidative stress protection but also has negative effects like liver enlargement.

Fish Oil and CLA on Liver Health

Fish oil can mitigate some of CLA's negative effects on the liver and normalize hormone levels in a dose-dependent manner.

CLA and Insulin Sensitivity in Obesity

CLA supplementation did not significantly affect insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese individuals over six months.

CLA and CP-CLA Supplementation

CP-CLA supplementation after weight loss favorably affected fat-free mass regain and resting metabolic rate but did not significantly improve overall body weight maintenance.

CLA Supplementation in Obese Individuals

CLA supplementation did not significantly impact glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese individuals over six months.

CLA and Fish Oil on Insulin Sensitivity

CLA and fish oil supplementation did not significantly improve insulin resistance or beta-cell dysfunction in humans.

CLA and Weight Regain

Long-term CLA supplementation did not significantly prevent weight or fat mass regain in an obese population.

CLA and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

The study suggests that long-term CLA supplementation is safe and can decrease body fat mass in overweight adults without significant changes to diet or exercise.

CLA and Body Fat in Children

CLA supplementation reduced body fat in overweight or obese children without improving plasma lipids or glucose levels and was associated with a greater decrease in HDL cholesterol.

CLA and Body Weight in Exercising Individuals

CLA supplementation reduced body fat in healthy, exercising individuals without affecting body weight.

Rosiglitazone for Ulcerative Colitis

Rosiglitazone was found to be effective in treating mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis, offering a potential new therapeutic option for the condition.

CLA on Colitis in Pigs

CLA supplementation attenuated the development of inflammatory lesions and associated growth impairment in pigs with colitis.

CLA and Macrophage Immune Responses

CLA supplementation suppressed pro-inflammatory immune responses, leading to a decrease in Crohn's disease activity and improvement in quality of life for patients.

Rosiglitazone and Ulcerative Colitis

Rosiglitazone treatment in ulcerative colitis patients led to clinical and endoscopic remission, as well as improved symptoms and quality of life.

CLA on Colonic Inflammation

CLA supplementation reduced colonic damage, cytokine production, and NF-kappaB activation, and increased PPAR-gamma expression in pigs with colitis.

CLA and Macrophage Activity

CLA activated PPAR gamma in mouse macrophages, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators and promoting the differentiation of immune cells.

CLA and Colitis

CLA mitigated symptoms of colitis in mice through a mechanism dependent on PPAR gamma activation.

References:

1. Effect of high or low protein ration combined or not with rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on meat CLA content and quality traits of double-muscled Piemontese bulls
2. Total lipids of Sarda sheep meat that include the fatty acid and alkenyl composition and the CLA and trans-18:1 isomers
3. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on broiler performance, serum lipoprotein content, muscle fatty acid composition and meat quality during refrigerated storage
4. Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements
5. Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid, inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study
6. A diet rich in conjugated linoleic acid and butter increases lipid peroxidation but does not affect atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or diabetic risk markers in healthy young men
7. Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
8. Conjugated linoleic acid. A powerful anticarcinogen from animal fat sources
9. Isomer specificity of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): 9E,11E-CLA
10. Survey of the conjugated linoleic acid contents of dairy products
11. The change in conjugated linoleic acid concentration in blood of Japanese fed a conjugated linoleic acid diet
12. Clinical trial results support a preference for using CLA preparations enriched with two isomers rather than four isomers in human studies
13. Isomer-specific effects of CLA on gene expression in human adipose tissue depending on PPARgamma2 P12A polymorphism: a double blind, randomized, controlled cross-over study
14. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on proliferative activity of cultured neural progenitor cells
15. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-dependent oxidative stress and elevated C-reactive protein: a potential link to fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
16. Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome
17. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men
18. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
19. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers, t10c12 and c9t11, are differentially incorporated into adipose tissue and skeletal muscle in humans
20. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on blood pressure, adipocyte size and function
21. Evidence that the trans-10,cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid induces body composition changes in mice
22. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid decreases adipocyte size and favorably modifies adipokine status and insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant rats
23. Dietary t10,c12-CLA but not c9,t11 CLA reduces adipocyte size in the absence of changes in the adipose renin-angiotensin system in fa/fa Zucker rats
24. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents age-associated skeletal muscle loss
25. trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid enhances endurance capacity by increasing fatty acid oxidation and reducing glycogen utilization in mice
26. t10c12-CLA maintains higher bone mineral density during aging by modulating osteoclastogenesis and bone marrow adiposity
27. LDL receptor gene transcription is selectively induced by t10c12-CLA but not by c9t11-CLA in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2
28. Isolation of 9-hydroxy-10E,12Z-octadecadienoic acid, an inhibitor of fat accumulation from Valeriana fauriei
29. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands isolated from adlay seed (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen STAPF.)
30. G2A plays proinflammatory roles in human keratinocytes under oxidative stress as a receptor for 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid
31. Identification and analysis of two splice variants of human G2A generated by alternative splicing
32. Potent PPARα activator derived from tomato juice, 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid, decreases plasma and hepatic triglyceride in obese diabetic mice
33. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers' roles in the regulation of PPAR-gamma and NF-kappaB DNA binding and subsequent expression of antioxidant enzymes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
34. Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inflammatory responses through the regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway
35. The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects
36. Differential effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in insulin-resistant female C57Bl/6J mice
37. Effect of CLA isomers and their mixture on aging C57Bl/6J mice
38. Lipid atherogenic risk markers can be more favourably influenced by the cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate isomer than a conjugated linoleic acid mixture or fish oil in hamsters
39. Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans
40. Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production
41. Conjugated linoleic acid induces human adipocyte delipidation: autocrine/paracrine regulation of MEK/ERK signaling by adipocytokines
42. Inflammation and insulin resistance induced by trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid depend on intracellular calcium levels in primary cultures of human adipocytes
43. Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes
44. Thiazolidinediones and type 2 diabetes: from cellular targets to cardiovascular benefit
45. Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans
46. Conjugated linoleic acid increases skeletal muscle ceramide content and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight, non-diabetic humans
47. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
48. The role of conjugated linoleic acid in reducing body fat and preventing holiday weight gain
49. The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese
50. Chromium picolinate and conjugated linoleic acid do not synergistically influence diet- and exercise-induced changes in body composition and health indexes in overweight women
51. Effects of milk supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on body composition and metabolic syndrome components
52. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 8 weeks does not affect body composition, lipid profile, or safety biomarkers in overweight, hyperlipidemic men
53. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover study
54. Dietary trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid reduces the expression of fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification enzymes in mouse liver
55. Conjugated linoleic acid isomers have no effect on atherosclerosis and adverse effects on lipoprotein and liver lipid metabolism in apoE-/- mice fed a high-cholesterol diet
56. Association of liver steatosis with lipid oversecretion and hypotriglyceridaemia in C57BL/6j mice fed trans-10,cis-12-linoleic acid
57. Dietary trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse
58. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on weight loss and body fat composition in a Chinese population
59. Dietary conjugated linoleic Acid and hepatic steatosis: species-specific effects on liver and adipose lipid metabolism and gene expression
60. Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARalpha
61. Conjugated linoleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and beta subtypes but does not induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats
62. Daily intake of conjugated linoleic acid-enriched yoghurts: effects on energy metabolism and adipose tissue gene expression in healthy subjects
63. Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid reduces triglyceride content while differentially affecting peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2 and aP2 expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
64. Trans-10, cis-12, but not cis-9, trans-11, conjugated linoleic acid attenuates lipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal vascular cells from human adipose tissue
65. The 10t,12c isomer of conjugated linoleic acid inhibits fatty acid synthase expression and enzyme activity in human breast, colon, and prostate cancer cells
66. trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipoprotein lipase but increases the activity of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue from hamsters fed an atherogenic diet
67. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on liver composition and fatty acid oxidation are isomer-dependent in hamster
68. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid
69. trans-10,cis-12 CLA inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases PPAR gamma expression
70. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice
71. Weak effect of trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accumulation in adult hamsters
72. The combination of resveratrol and CLA does not increase the delipidating effect of each molecule in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
73. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA increases adipocyte lipolysis and alters lipid droplet-associated proteins: role of mTOR and ERK signaling
74. Translocation of hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin upon lipolytic stimulation during the lactation cycle of the rat
75. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes
76. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice
77. Down-regulation of PPARgamma2-induced adipogenesis by PEGylated conjugated linoleic acid as the pro-drug: Attenuation of lipid accumulation and reduction of apoptosis
78. Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid
79. Species differences in the metabolism and regulation of gene expression by conjugated linoleic acid
80. The body fat-lowering effect of conjugated linoleic acid: a comparison between animal and human studies
81. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid at high-fat levels on triacylglycerol regulation in mice
82. Interaction of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acid in affecting hepatic activity of lipogenic enzymes and gene expression in liver and adipose tissue
83. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects
84. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters the 6-mo change in fat oxidation during sleep
85. Conjugated linoleic acid versus high-oleic acid sunflower oil: effects on energy metabolism, glucose tolerance, blood lipids, appetite and body composition in regularly exercising individuals
86. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat in healthy exercising humans
87. CLA does not impair endothelial function and decreases body weight as compared with safflower oil in overweight and obese male subjects
88. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accretion in overweight or obese children
89. Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus
90. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans
91. Microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid associated with hypocaloric diet reduces body fat in sedentary women with metabolic syndrome
92. Milk enriched with conjugated linoleic acid fails to alter blood lipids or body composition in moderately overweight, borderline hyperlipidemic individuals
93. Effect of a high intake of conjugated linoleic acid on lipoprotein levels in healthy human subjects
94. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for twelve weeks increases lean body mass in obese humans
95. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans
96. Effects of two conjugated linoleic Acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans
97. Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Associated With Aerobic Exercise on Body Fat and Lipid Profile in Obese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Trial
98. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain
99. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on appetite and food intake in overweight subjects
100. Effect of a conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acid mixture on body composition and adiponectin
101. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans
102. Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training
103. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training
104. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training on body composition, bone density, strength, and selected hematological markers
105. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on testosterone levels in vitro and in vivo after an acute bout of resistance exercise
106. White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation
107. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid modifies the brain endocannabinoid system in mice
108. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neuronal differentiation by regulating basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and cell cycle in neural stem cells
109. Protection of cortical neurons from excitotoxicity by conjugated linoleic acid
110. Inhibition of excitotoxicity in cultured rat cortical neurons by a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid isomers
111. Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function
112. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid, a natural trans fat from milk and meat, on human blood pressure: results from a randomized crossover feeding study
113. Diets rich in conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid have no effect on blood pressure and isobaric arterial elasticity in healthy young men
114. Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats
115. Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid peroxidation in humans: regulation by alpha-tocopherol and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor
116. A high intake of trans fatty acids has little effect on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in humans
117. An oil mixture with trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases markers of inflammation and in vivo lipid peroxidation compared with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in postmenopausal women
118. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans
119. Immunological and metabolic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in subjects with birch pollen allergy
120. Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity
121. Impairment of 8-iso-PGF(2ALPHA) isoprostane metabolism by dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
122. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) as precursors of a distinct family of PUFA
123. JNK inhibition by SP600125 attenuates trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid-mediated regulation of inflammatory and lipogenic gene expression
124. Cytokines suppress adipogenesis and PPAR-gamma function through the TAK1/TAB1/NIK cascade
125. Troglitazone antagonizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced reprogramming of adipocyte gene expression by inhibiting the transcriptional regulatory functions of NF-kappaB
126. Transcriptional activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is inhibited by phosphorylation at a consensus mitogen-activated protein kinase site
127. Profiling gene transcription in vivo reveals adipose tissue as an immediate target of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: implications for insulin resistance
128. Defective innate immunity in inflammatory bowel disease: a Crohn's disease exclusivity?
129. Nutritional modulation of the inflammatory bowel response
130. The Incidence of self-prescribed oral complementary and alternative medicine use by patients with gastrointestinal diseases
131. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease
132. Intestinal antiinflammatory effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
133. Rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
134. Nutritional regulation of porcine bacterial-induced colitis by conjugated linoleic acid
135. Conjugated linoleic acid decreases production of pro-inflammatory products in macrophages: evidence for a PPAR gamma-dependent mechanism
136. Activation of PPAR gamma and delta by conjugated linoleic acid mediates protection from experimental inflammatory bowel disease
137. Conjugated linoleic acid modulates immune responses in patients with mild to moderately active Crohn's disease
138. An open-label trial of the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis
139. Flaxseed oil prevents trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid-induced insulin resistance in mice
140. Fatty acid composition of liver, adipose tissue, spleen, and heart of mice fed diets containing t10, c12-, and c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid
141. Omega 3 - Omega 6: What is right for the liver?
142. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid plus n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on insulin secretion and estimated insulin sensitivity in men
143. Combination of fucoxanthin and conjugated linoleic acid attenuates body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese rats
144. Conjugated linoleic acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in human adipocytes are attenuated by resveratrol
145. The combination of resveratrol and conjugated linoleic acid is not useful in preventing obesity
146. Safety profile of conjugated linoleic acid in a 12-month trial in obese humans
147. Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women

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