1) Conditions Studied for Green Coffee Extract
Green coffee extract has been studied for various health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, Alzheimer's disease, and bacterial infections.
2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions
The effectiveness of green coffee extract in treating these conditions is still under investigation. Some studies suggest it may help with weight loss and improve glucose metabolism in the short term, but more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the appropriate dosage and long-term effects.
3) Health Benefits
Green coffee extract is believed to offer health benefits due to its high levels of chlorogenic acid, which can act as an antioxidant. These benefits may include aiding weight loss, improving blood pressure, reducing inflammation, and offering some neuroprotective effects.
4) Potential Downsides
While green coffee extract is generally considered safe for most people, it does contain caffeine, which can cause side effects such as insomnia, nervousness, stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and increased heart rate and respiration in some individuals. It may also interact with certain medications.
5) Genetic Variations and Effects
There is limited research on the relationship between genetic variations and the effects of green coffee extract. However, individuals with certain genetic predispositions may experience different effects, particularly regarding caffeine metabolism. For example, those with a slower caffeine metabolism may be more susceptible to side effects from the caffeine present in green coffee extract.
Research Summary on Green Coffee Extract
Chlorogenic Acids (CGA) Absorption and Metabolism
Studies indicate that green coffee extract, which contains high levels of CGA, is highly bioavailable in humans. CGAs are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are absorbed and metabolized efficiently, with over 30% detected in plasma and 5.5% recovered in urine after consumption.
Blood Pressure-Lowering Effects
Green coffee bean extract (GCE) and its primary component, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), have been shown to lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ferulic acid (FA), a metabolite of 5-CQA, demonstrates a significant hypotensive effect, partially mediated through muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Detoxification Enhancement
Compounds in green coffee beans, such as kahweol palmitate and its derivatives, have been found to increase the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), an enzyme crucial for detoxification, in mice's liver and small intestine.
Impact of Roasting on Chlorogenic Acids
Roasting coffee beans transforms chlorogenic acids into chlorogenic acid lactones (CGL), with the most abundant lactone being 3-caffeoylquinic-1,5-lactone (3-CQL). The roasting process also leads to isomerization before lactone formation.
Effects on Human Blood Pressure and Vessel Function
Green coffee extract has been found to lower blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension and improve vasoreactivity without significant side effects. It's also effective in reducing plasma total homocysteine levels and may aid in improving blood vessel function.
Glucose Absorption and Weight Loss
Chlorogenic acid enriched coffee appears to reduce glucose absorption and promote weight loss. Studies show a reduction in glucose absorption and significant weight and body fat loss over time in humans.
Effects on Fat Accumulation and Obesity
Green coffee bean extract may prevent weight gain and fat accumulation by suppressing fat absorption and enhancing fat metabolism in the liver, as demonstrated in studies on mice.
Weight Loss Supplement Efficacy
Data from clinical trials suggest that green coffee extract may aid in weight loss. However, due to the high risk of bias in the studies, more well-designed trials are needed to confirm its efficacy.
Occupational Health Concerns
Exposure to green coffee allergens can lead to work-related respiratory issues and occupational asthma among coffee workers. The identification of a specific allergen, Cof a 1, may help in diagnosing coffee allergies.
References:
- Chlorogenic acids from green coffee extract are highly bioavailable in humans
- Green coffee bean extract and its metabolites have a hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats
- Isolation and identification of kahweol palmitate and cafestol palmitate as active constituents of green coffee beans that enhance glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse
- Effect of roasting on the formation of chlorogenic acid lactones in coffee
- The blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertension
- Green coffee bean extract improves human vasoreactivity
- The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people
- Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice
- The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects
- Bronchial reactivity in green coffee exposure
- Cof a 1: identification, expression and immunoreactivity of the first coffee allergen
- Analysis of green coffee bean and castor bean allergens using RAST inhibition
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