Iodine: Uses, Effectiveness, Benefits, and Considerations

Iodine in Seaweed and Dietary Supplements

A study conducted in Ecuador explored the impact of seaweed consumption on metabolic syndrome, finding that daily intake of 4 to 6 grams may reduce its prevalence. Additionally, research on British foods showed that iodine levels have decreased over time, with seaweed and kelp-based supplements containing high levels of iodine. Seaweed consumption in Japan contributes to a higher average daily intake of iodine at 1.2 milligrams, which exceeds the safe upper limit of 1100 micrograms/day.

Iodine's Role in Thyroid Function

Research indicates that seaweed supplementation can significantly increase urinary iodine concentration and serum TSH levels, indicating an impact on thyroid function. Moreover, the bioavailability of iodine from seaweed like Gracilaria verrucosa is high and could serve as a natural alternative for iodizing salt.

Excessive Iodine Intake and Newborn Health

High iodine intake by mothers during pregnancy can lead to thyroid issues in infants, such as transient hypothyroidism or persistent hyperthyrotropinemia. Excessive maternal iodine consumption may contribute to ongoing thyroid problems in their children.

Iodine Deficiency and Global Health

Iodine deficiency affects approximately 2 billion people globally and can lead to disorders like impaired growth and neurodevelopment. Universal salt iodization is recommended as a cost-effective solution to prevent iodine deficiency at the population level.

Iodine Content Variability in Foods and Supplements

Various studies have shown that iodine levels vary significantly in different foods and dietary supplements. In particular, vegetarians and vegans may be at a higher risk of iodine deficiency due to lower iodine content in plant-based foods compared to animal products.

Iodine Supplementation in Pregnancy and Lactation

To ensure normal brain development of the fetus, adequate iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation is crucial. The American Thyroid Association recommends a daily supplement of 150 micrograms of iodine for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Iodine and Environmental Factors

Environmental anions like perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate can inhibit iodide uptake by the sodium iodide symporter, affecting thyroid function. Additionally, the iodine content in human milk is responsive to dietary iodine and environmental factors like selenium intake and exposure to pollutants.

Excess Iodine and Thyroid Health

Excess iodine intake can lead to conditions such as iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of patients' use of iodine-containing products and herbal medicines that may affect thyroid function.

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