Licorice Overview

1) Studied Conditions

Licorice has been studied for various health conditions, including:

• Peptic ulcers
• Heartburn
• Eczema
• Upper respiratory infections
• Chronic hepatitis C
• Menstrual and menopause symptoms

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research on the effectiveness of licorice in treating these conditions is mixed. Some studies suggest benefits while others do not show significant improvements:

• In the case of peptic ulcers, deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) has shown potential for symptom relief.
• For heartburn and acid reflux, licorice may have soothing effects.
• Eczema symptoms might be improved with the topical application of licorice extracts.
• However, evidence for treating upper respiratory infections and chronic hepatitis C is less conclusive.

3) Health Benefits

Licorice may offer various health benefits:

• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Antimicrobial effects
• Support for digestive health
• Relief from menopausal symptoms
• Potential improvement in skin health

4) Downsides

Despite its potential benefits, licorice can have downsides, including:

• High blood pressure
• Fluid retention and swelling
• Lower potassium levels
• Possible interaction with certain medications
• Increased risk of premature birth when consumed in large amounts by pregnant women

5) Genetic Variations

While there is limited research on licorice's effect on specific genetic variations, individuals with hypertension, heart disease, or kidney disease, who may have genetic predispositions, should be cautious. Overconsumption can exacerbate these conditions due to the glycyrrhizin in licorice.

Licorice and Its Compounds: Research Summary

Licorice, derived from the roots of Glycyrrhiza species, has been extensively studied for its traditional medicinal uses and potential health benefits. Investigations into licorice's volatile compounds have identified unique aromatic profiles for various species, contributing to its flavor and therapeutic applications. Notably, Glycyrrhiza glabra has been differentiated from related species by its phenolic and aliphatic aldehyde content, with thymol and carvacrol as potential chemotaxonomic markers.

The consumption of licorice in the US is estimated to range from 0.027 to 3.6 mg of glycyrrhizin per kg body weight per day, and its use in foods is generally approved by regulatory agencies. Glycyrrhizin can inhibit enzymes that inactivate cortisol, leading to effects similar to excessive mineralocorticoids if consumed at high levels continuously. However, these effects are reversible upon cessation of licorice intake. Licorice and glycyrrhizin have also demonstrated health benefits, including anti-ulcer, anti-viral, and liver-protective effects, without showing genotoxicity.

Pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid are complex, and its metabolism into glycyrrhetic acid involves processes that can lead to hypertension and electrolyte imbalance in individuals with high exposure. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling has shown that gastrointestinal transit time affects the reabsorption rate of glycyrrhetic acid conjugates, suggesting a risk estimator for side effects.

Licorice's glycyrrhizin and other components have been associated with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiulcer, and anticarcinogenic properties. Studies have highlighted its potential for protecting against DNA damage, suppressing protein kinase C activity, and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, licorice root extracts have been explored for their estrogen-like effects and potential to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis.

Furthermore, licorice flavonoids like glabridin have been researched for their ability to inhibit LDL oxidation, which is a crucial factor in atherosclerosis development. Licorice has also been used in combination with other herbal ingredients to enhance the immune response and reduce mental stress.

Overall, licorice exhibits a multitude of biological activities that warrant further investigation, particularly in the context of cancer prevention and treatment, as well as the management of metabolic disorders.

References:

1. Volatiles profiling in medicinal licorice roots using steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to chemometrics
2. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin
3. The pharmacokinetics of glycyrrhizic acid evaluated by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling
4. Protective effect of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) against side effects of radiation/chemotherapy in head and neck malignancies
5. Characterization using LC/MS of the absorption compounds and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of a single or mixed decoction of Shaoyao and Gancao
6. Isoliquiritigenin, one of the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhiza ularensis roots, acts in the lower part of intestine
7. Role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption of glabridin, an active flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra
8. Licorice and cancer
9. Estrogenic activities of extracts of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root in MCF-7 breast cancer cells
10. Simultaneous HPLC analysis, with isocratic elution, of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots and confectionery products
11. Simultaneous quantification of flavonoids and triterpenoids in licorice using HPLC
12. Quantification of glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza glabra extract by validated HPTLC densitometry
13. Cell coupling and Cx43 expression in embryonic mouse neural progenitor cells
14. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glabridin from licorice
15. Field survey of Glycyrrhiza plants in Central Asia (3). Chemical characterization of G. glabra collected in Uzbekistan
16. Antioxidant constituents from licorice roots: isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidation
17. Hypnotic effects and GABAergic mechanism of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) ethanol extract and its major flavonoid constituent glabrol
18. Phytoestrogenic compounds in alfalfa sprout (Medicago sativa) beyond coumestrol
19. Inhibition of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase by flavonoids from licorice roots and 4-arylcoumarins
20. Phenolic constituents of licorice. II. Structures of licopyranocoumarin, licoarylcoumarin and glisoflavone, and inhibitory effects of licorice phenolics on xanthine oxidase
21. Determination of flavonoids in licorice using acid hydrolysis and reversed-phase HPLC and evaluation of the chemical quality of cultivated licorice
22. Hexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and its active compound isoangustone A induce G1 cycle arrest in DU145 human prostate and 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells
23. Licochalcone E activates Nrf2/antioxidant response element signaling pathway in both neuronal and microglial cells: therapeutic relevance to neurodegenerative disease
24. Anti-inflammatory efficacy of Licochalcone A: correlation of clinical potency and in vitro effects
25. Licorice and licochalcone-A induce autophagy in LNCaP prostate cancer cells by suppression of Bcl-2 expression and the mTOR pathway
26. Licocalchone-C extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra inhibits lipopolysaccharide-interferon-γ inflammation by improving antioxidant conditions and regulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression
27. Up-regulation of licochalcone A biosynthesis and secretion by Tween 80 in hairy root cultures of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch
28. A novel neutral polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis
29. Characterization of two polysaccharides having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis
30. The core structure and immunological activities of glycyrrhizan UA, the main polysaccharide from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis
31. Heterogeneity and characterisation of mitogenic and anti-complementary pectic polysaccharides from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch et D.C
32. Core structure of glycyrrhizan GA, the main polysaccharide from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera; anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide and its degradation products
33. Characterization of a polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera
34. Immunopotentiating effect of traditional Chinese drugs--ginsenoside and glycyrrhiza polysaccharide
35. Factors influencing glabridin stability
36. Determination of glycyrrhetic acid after consumption of liquorice and application to a fatality
37. A dual investigation of the effect of dietary supplementation with licorice flavonoid oil on anthropometric and biochemical markers of health and adiposity
38. Clinical safety of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) and pharmacokinetics of glabridin in healthy humans
39. Hexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis licorice suppresses doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts
40. Absorption of dietary licorice isoflavan glabridin to blood circulation in rats
41. Role of P-glycoprotein in limiting the brain penetration of glabridin, an active isoflavan from the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra
42. Administration-route dependency of absorption of glycyrrhizin in rats: intraperitoneal administration dramatically enhanced bioavailability
43. Gastrointestinal absorption characteristics of glycyrrhizin from glycyrrhiza extract
44. Glycyrrhetic acid in human blood after ingestion of glycyrrhizic acid in licorice
45. Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance liquid chromatographic method
46. Bioavailability of glycyrrhizin and licorice extract in rat and human plasma as detected by a HPLC method
47. Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is indispensable to absorption of 18 beta-glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizin in rats
48. Bioavailability study of glycyrrhetic acid after oral administration of glycyrrhizin in rats; relevance to the intestinal bacterial hydrolysis
49. Determination of glycyrrhetic acid in human plasma by HPLC-MS method and investigation of its pharmacokinetics
50. Determination of glabridin in human plasma by solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS
51. Licochalcone A bound to bovine serum albumin: a spectroscopic, photophysical and structural study
52. Structure and properties of licochalcone A-human serum albumin complexes in solution: a spectroscopic, photophysical and computational approach to understand drug-protein interaction
53. Distribution of enzymes involved in the metabolism of glycyrrhizin in various organs of rat
54. 3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid is a major metabolite that causes licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism
55. C5-hydroxylation of liquiritigenin is catalyzed selectively by CYP1A2
56. Oxidative in vitro metabolism of liquiritigenin, a bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese herbal selective estrogen beta-receptor agonist MF101
57. New metabolic pathways for flavanones catalyzed by rat liver microsomes
58. A comparison of the distribution of two glycyrrhizic acid epimers in rat tissues
59. A human physiologically-based model for glycyrrhzic acid, a compound subject to presystemic metabolism and enterohepatic cycling
60. Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A
61. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance protein 1 by dietary phytochemicals
62. The licorice root derived isoflavan glabridin inhibits the activities of human cytochrome P450S 3A4, 2B6, and 2C9
63. Deglycosylation of liquiritin strongly enhances its inhibitory potential towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms
64. Isoliquiritigenin is a novel NMDA receptor antagonist in kampo medicine yokukansan
65. Yokukansan, a kampo medicine, protects against glutamate cytotoxicity due to oxidative stress in PC12 cells
66. Proteomic and behavioral analysis of response to isoliquiritigenin in brains of acute cocaine treated rats
67. Isoliquiritigenin suppresses cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in rat brain through GABA(B) receptor
68. Liquiritigenin decreases selective molecular and behavioral effects of cocaine in rodents
69. AMPK activation with glabridin ameliorates adiposity and lipid dysregulation in obesity
70. The involvement of serotonin receptors in suanzaorentang-induced sleep alteration
71. Glabridin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of a microglial cell line, BV-2, by blocking NF-kappaB and AP-1
72. Traditional chinese medicine for senile dementia
73. Protective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. on the cognitive deficits caused by beta-amyloid peptide 25-35 in young mice
74. Neuroprotective effects of roasted licorice, not raw form, on neuronal injury in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia
75. Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice
76. Memory-strengthening activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioral models
77. Effect of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra on learning and memory in mice
78. In vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of glabridin, a major active isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
79. Glabridin as a major active isoflavan from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) reverses learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats
80. Liquiritigenin attenuates the learning and memory deficits in an amyloid protein precursor transgenic mouse model and the underlying mechanisms
81. Effects of liquiritigenin treatment on the learning and memory deficits induced by amyloid beta-peptide (25-35) in rats
82. Comparative brain cholinesterase-inhibiting activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Myristica fragrans, ascorbic acid, and metrifonate in mice
83. Inhibition of serotonin re-uptake by licorice constituents
84. Glabridin from Chinese herb licorice inhibits fatigue in mice
85. Antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of Glycyrrhiza chalcones: experimental and computational studies
86. Gap junction-mediated spread of cell injury and death during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion
87. Protective effect of gap junction uncouplers given during hypoxia against reoxygenation injury in isolated rat hearts
88. Subjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquorice
89. Effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects
90. Short-term cortisol infusion in the brachial artery, with and without inhibiting 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, does not alter forearm vascular resistance in normotensive and hypertensive subjects
91. Licorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: in vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice
92. Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidation
93. The effect of an endogenous antioxidant glabridin on oxidized LDL
94. The antioxidative effects of the isoflavan glabridin on endogenous constituents of LDL during its oxidation
95. Structural aspects of the inhibitory effect of glabridin on LDL oxidation
96. Macrophage enrichment with the isoflavan glabridin inhibits NADPH oxidase-induced cell-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein. A possible role for protein kinase C
97. Inhibition of protein kinase C by the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate antagonist glycyrrhetic acid
98. Glabridin suppresses intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by blocking sphingosine kinase pathway: implications of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel signaling pathways
99. Inhibitory effect of chalcones and their derivatives from Glycyrrhiza inflata on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
100. Premenopausal advantages in postprandial lipid metabolism are lost in women with type 2 diabetes
101. The benefits of oestrogens on postprandial lipid metabolism are lost in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes
102. High glucose blocks the effects of estradiol on human vascular cell growth: differential interaction with estradiol and raloxifene
103. Glabridin, a phytoestrogen from licorice root, up-regulates manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase and paraoxonase 2 under glucose stress
104. Aldose reductase inhibitory compounds from Glycyrrhiza uralensis
105. Anti-obesity effects of glabridin-rich supercritical carbon dioxide extract of licorice in high-fat-fed obese mice
106. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits adipogenic differentiation and stimulates lipolysis
107. A licorice ethanolic extract with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand-binding activity affects diabetes in KK-Ay mice, abdominal obesity in diet-induced obese C57BL mice and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats
108. The molecular mechanism underlying the reduction in abdominal fat accumulation by licorice flavonoid oil in high fat diet-induced obese rats
109. Investigation of the anti-obesity action of licorice flavonoid oil in diet-induced obese rats
110. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by glycyrrhetic acid, fusidic acid and some related triterpenoid acids
111. Biochemical study of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of glycyrrhetic acid
112. Glycyrrhetic acid synergistically enhances β₂-adrenergic receptor-Gs signaling by changing the location of Gαs in lipid rafts
113. Differential targeting of beta -adrenergic receptor subtypes and adenylyl cyclase to cardiomyocyte caveolae. A mechanism to functionally regulate the cAMP signaling pathway
114. G(s) signaling is intact after disruption of lipid rafts
115. Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in vivo limits glucocorticoid exposure to human adipose tissue and decreases lipolysis
116. Increased in vivo regeneration of cortisol in adipose tissue in human obesity and effects of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor carbenoxolone
117. AMP-activated protein kinase: a target for drugs both ancient and modern
118. Effect of licorice on the reduction of body fat mass in healthy subjects
119. Suppression by licorice flavonoids of abdominal fat accumulation and body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice
120. Licorice flavonoids suppress abdominal fat accumulation and increase in blood glucose level in obese diabetic KK-A(y) mice
121. Glycyrrhetinic acid, the active principle of licorice, can reduce the thickness of subcutaneous thigh fat through topical application
122. Lipoprotein lipase expression, serum lipid and tissue lipid deposition in orally-administered glycyrrhizic acid-treated rats
123. Lipoprotein lipase gene expression: physiological regulators at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level
124. Glycyrrhizic acid improved lipoprotein lipase expression, insulin sensitivity, serum lipid and lipid deposition in high-fat diet-induced obese rats
125. Inhibition of LXRα-dependent steatosis and oxidative injury by liquiritigenin, a licorice flavonoid, as mediated with Nrf2 activation
126. Licochalcone A isolated from licorice suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 cells and endotoxin shock in mice
127. Licochalcone a inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo
128. Licochalcone A potently inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation through the direct inhibition of IkappaB kinase complex activation
129. The fixed structure of Licochalcone A by alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone is necessary for anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation
130. Glycyrrhiza inflata-derived chalcones, Licochalcone A, Licochalcone B and Licochalcone D, inhibit phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 in LPS signaling pathway
131. Licochalcone A significantly suppresses LPS signaling pathway through the inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation at serine 276
132. Licochalcone A is a potent inhibitor of TEL-Jak2-mediated transformation through the specific inhibition of Stat3 activation
133. Anti-inflammatory effects of liquiritigenin as a consequence of the inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent iNOS and proinflammatory cytokines production
134. Continuous phosphorylation of both the 47 and the 49 kDa proteins occurs during superoxide production by neutrophils
135. The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD25 expression in humans: a pilot study
136. The effect of Echinacea purpurea, Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza glabra on CD69 expression and immune cell activation in humans
137. Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids present in anti-asthma formula, ASHMI™, inhibit memory Th2 responses in vitro and in vivo
138. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-asthma herbal medicine intervention in adult patients with moderate-severe allergic asthma
139. Antiangiogenic effect of licochalcone A
140. Liquiritigenin inhibits serum-induced HIF-1α and VEGF expression via the AKT/mTOR-p70S6K signalling pathway in HeLa cells
141. Liquiritigenin inhibits tumor growth and vascularization in a mouse model of HeLa cells
142. Suppression of androgen receptor expression by dibenzoylmethane as a therapeutic objective in advanced prostate cancer
143. Inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity enhances the antiproliferative effect of glucocorticosteroids on MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells
144. Expression of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II enzyme in breast tumors and modulation of activity and cell growth in PMC42 cells
145. Inhibition of gap junction channel attenuates the migration of breast cancer cells
146. Selectivity of action of glycyrrhizin derivatives on the growth of MCF-7 and HEP-2 cells
147. Sensitizing estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells to tamoxifen with OSU-03012, a novel celecoxib-derived phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1/Akt signaling inhibitor
148. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis through modulation of Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells
149. Effects of glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives on hepatic and renal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rats
150. Licorice-induced hypertension and syndromes of apparent mineralocorticoid excess
151. Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism
152. Liquorice consumption and salivary testosterone concentrations
153. Administration of glycyrrhetinic acid: significant correlation between serum levels and the cortisol/cortisone-ratio in serum and urine
154. Further studies on the mechanism of the mineralocorticoid action of licorice in humans
155. Kinetics and dynamics of orally administered 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in humans
156. The influence of glycyrrhetinic acid on plasma cortisol and cortisone in healthy young volunteers
157. Liquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activity
158. Glycyrrhizic acid and its hydrolysate as mineralocorticoid agonist
159. Affinity of liquorice derivatives for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors
160. Inhibition of human complement by beta-glycyrrhetinic acid
161. Licorice reduces serum testosterone in healthy women
162. Phytoestrogens inhibit human 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5
163. Reduction of serum testosterone in men by licorice
164. Licorice consumption and serum testosterone in healthy man
165. Licorice extract does not impair the male reproductive function of rats
166. Liquorice in moderate doses does not affect sex steroid hormones of biological importance although the effect differs between the genders
167. Effect of paeoniflorin, glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid on ovarian androgen production
168. Effect of a traditional herbal medicine (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) on testosterone secretion in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome detected by ultrasound
169. Effect of licorice on PTH levels in healthy women
170. Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with spironolactone plus licorice
171. Inhibition by plant herb extracts of steroid bindings in uterus, liver and serum of the rabbit
172. Antiandrogenic activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra in male rats
173. Anti-Helicobacter pylori flavonoids from licorice extract
174. Phenolic constituents of licorice. VIII. Structures of glicophenone and glicoisoflavanone, and effects of licorice phenolics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
175. Dietary administration of the licorice flavonoid isoliquiritigenin deters the growth of MCF-7 cells overexpressing aromatase
176. Estrogen-like activity of glabrene and other constituents isolated from licorice root
177. Estrogenic and antiproliferative properties of glabridin from licorice in human breast cancer cells
178. Estrogenic activity of glabridin and glabrene from licorice roots on human osteoblasts and prepubertal rat skeletal tissues
179. Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo
180. Agonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
181. Liquiritigenin is a plant-derived highly selective estrogen receptor beta agonist
182. Superinduction of estrogen receptor mediated gene expression in luciferase based reporter gene assays is mediated by a post-transcriptional mechanism
183. Screening of estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities from medicinal plants
184. Binding of phytoestrogens to rat uterine estrogen receptors and human sex hormone-binding globulins
185. A controlled trial of a dissolving oral patch concerning glycyrrhiza (licorice) herbal extract for the treatment of aphthous ulcers
186. Effects of ephedra water decoction and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice on CYP1A2 and the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats
187. The traditional Chinese herbal formula ASHMI inhibits allergic lung inflammation in antigen-sensitized and antigen-challenged aged mice
188. Pharmacology and immunological actions of a herbal medicine ASHMI on allergic asthma
189. Xia-bai-san inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B in human lung cells
190. Carbendazim-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in albino rats: ameliorative effect of licorice aqueous extract
191. Protective effects of melatonin and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on ochratoxin A--induced damages on testes in mature rats
192. Absence of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) ameliorates fatty livers but not obesity or insulin resistance in Lep(ob)/Lep(ob) mice
193. Inhibition of liver X receptor-α-dependent hepatic steatosis by isoliquiritigenin, a licorice antioxidant flavonoid, as mediated by JNK1 inhibition
194. Carbenoxolone prevents the development of fatty liver in C57BL/6-Lep ob/ob mice via the inhibition of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c activity and apoptosis
195. Selective inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 decreases blood glucose concentrations in hyperglycaemic mice
196. Anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects of a novel selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, 2-(3-benzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-2-yl-1-phenylethanone (KR-66344)
197. Communication between interstitial cells of Cajal and gastrointestinal muscle
198. Effects of the gap junction blocker glycyrrhetinic acid on gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells
199. Reversible inhibition of intercellular junctional communication by glycyrrhetinic acid
200. Glycycoumarin from Glycyrrhizae Radix acts as a potent antispasmodic through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3
201. Antispasmodic activity of licochalcone A, a species-specific ingredient of Glycyrrhiza inflata roots
202. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation
203. Safety and tolerability of an antiasthma herbal Formula (ASHMI) in adult subjects with asthma: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase I study
204. Lycopene synergistically inhibits LDL oxidation in combination with vitamin E, glabridin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, or garlic
205. Effect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity and immune system under mental arithmetic stress
206. Effect of the combination of ginseng, oriental bezoar and glycyrrhiza on autonomic nervous activity as evaluated by power spectral analysis of HRV and cardiac depolarization-repolarization process
207. Expression and localization of chromogranin A gene and protein in human submandibular gland
208. Effect of negative air ions on computer operation, anxiety and salivary chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity
209. Cranberry proanthocyanidins act in synergy with licochalcone A to reduce Porphyromonas gingivalis growth and virulence properties, and to suppress cytokine secretion by macrophages
210. 90-Day repeated-dose toxicity study of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) in rats
211. History of the endocrine effects of licorice
212. A possible involvement of 3-monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhetinic acid, a metabolite of glycyrrhizin (GL), in GL-induced pseudoaldosteronism
213. 3-Monoglucuronyl-glycyrrhretinic acid is a substrate of organic anion transporters expressed in tubular epithelial cells and plays important roles in licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2
214. Acute myopathy associated with chronic licorice ingestion: reversible loss of myoadenylate deaminase activity
215. Hypokaliemic rhabdomyolysis associated with liquorice ingestion: report of an atypical case

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