Octopamine Overview

1) Studied Conditions

Octopamine has been studied for several conditions, including:

• Obesity and weight management: as a potential metabolism booster
• Cognitive disorders: for its potential nootropic effects
• Depression: due to its influence on mood neurotransmitters
• Cardiovascular health: for its effects on blood pressure and heart rate
• Exercise performance: as a possible ergogenic aid

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research on the efficacy of octopamine in treating these conditions is not conclusive. While there are some studies suggesting potential benefits, more rigorous clinical research is needed to determine its effectiveness and safety.

3) Health Benefits

Octopamine is believed to have several health benefits, though more research is needed to substantiate these claims:

• May increase energy expenditure and lipolysis, aiding in weight loss
• Could enhance focus and cognition
• May have mood-elevating properties
• Could potentially improve exercise performance by increasing endurance

4) Downsides

Octopamine has some potential downsides and side effects, including:

• May increase blood pressure and heart rate
• Potential for interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and other medications
• Risk of side effects such as headaches, nausea, and anxiety
• Limited data on long-term safety and efficacy
• Banned by some sports organizations due to its stimulant properties

5) Genetic Variations Impact

There is limited research on the interaction between octopamine and specific genetic variations. Some individuals may metabolize octopamine differently due to genetic differences affecting enzymes like monoamine oxidase (MAO), but the clinical significance of these interactions is not well understood. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any new supplement, especially if there is concern about genetic predispositions.

Octopamine Research Summary

Octopamine is a biogenic amine that acts as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone, and neuromodulator in invertebrates and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. Its structural similarity to noradrenaline suggests its importance in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. In invertebrates, octopamine influences intracellular cyclic AMP levels or calcium signals through G-protein coupled receptors. It modulates behaviors and functions of peripheral and sense organs in insects, making it a target for developing new insecticides.

In vertebrates, octopamine is less prominent but may still be involved in certain physiological functions within specific brain regions or peripheral organs. It has limited interaction with mammalian adrenergic receptors, except for a modest affinity for β-3 adrenergic receptors. Octopamine is produced in the brain and nerve tissues, with blood levels varying in certain neurological and liver diseases. Despite no reported adverse cardiovascular effects from oral intake, the effects on athletic performance or weight management in humans have not been well studied, necessitating further research.

The presence of octopamine in humans has been detected in plasma and platelets, with trace amine receptors expressed by circulating leukocytes. It is sometimes found as a banned performance-enhancing substance in athletes' doping control samples. Octopamine isomers have been identified in mammalian sympathetic nerves, with m-octopamine coexisting with p-octopamine in various organs. Research also shows the bioavailability and metabolism of m-octopamine in humans, highlighting its complete enteric absorption and significant first-pass effect reducing oral effectiveness.

As an antioxidant, octopamine contributes to the significant antioxidant capabilities observed in garlic skin extract. Phenylpropanoid amides derived from octopamine have been evaluated for their effectiveness as antioxidants and tyrosinase inhibitors, with certain derivatives showing potent activity. These varied roles and interactions of octopamine underscore its potential pharmacological importance and the need for continued exploration of its physiological and therapeutic applications.

References:

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19. Trace amine metabolism in Parkinson's disease: low circulating levels of octopamine in early disease stages
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23. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) from human and bovine cerebrovascular tissues: biochemical and immunohistological characterization
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48. Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase substrates stimulate glucose transport and inhibit lipolysis in human adipocytes
49. Hydrogen peroxide induces activation of insulin signaling pathway via AMP-dependent kinase in podocytes
50. Tyramine and vanadate synergistically stimulate glucose transport in rat adipocytes by amine oxidase-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide
51. In vivo alpha(1)-adrenergic lipolytic activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese subjects
52. Adrenergic regulation of adipocyte metabolism
53. Evidence for alpha adrenergic activation of phosphorylase and inactivation of glycogen synthase in rat adipocytes. Effects of alpha and beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists on glycogen synthase and phosphorylase
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55. Development of beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists for the treatment of obesity and diabetes--an update
56. Adrenergic drugs for urinary incontinence in adults
57. Acute effect of norfenefrine on the urethral pressure profile in females with genuine stress incontinence
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61. Effects of aging on p- and m-octopamine, catecholamines, and their metabolizing enzymes in the rat

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