Sea Buckthorn: An Overview

1) Studied Conditions

Sea buckthorn has been studied for various conditions, including but not limited to:

• Skin diseases (e.g., eczema, dermatitis, healing of wounds)
• Gastrointestinal ulcers
• Cardiovascular health
• Metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes)
• Liver damage
• Immune system enhancement
• Dry eye

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research indicates that sea buckthorn may be beneficial in treating some of the aforementioned conditions, such as:

• Promoting skin health and aiding in the healing of skin wounds
• Alleviating symptoms of dry eye
• Improving markers of cardiovascular health

However, more research is needed to conclusively determine its effectiveness across all claimed areas.

3) Health Benefits

Sea buckthorn is known for its:

• High content of vitamins and antioxidants
• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Omega fatty acids content, including omega-3, 6, 7, and 9
• Potential to improve liver function and digestive health
• Support for skin health and elasticity

4) Downsides

While sea buckthorn is generally considered safe, there are potential downsides, such as:

• Possible interactions with medication (e.g., anticoagulants)
• Side effects like diarrhea or skin rashes in some individuals
• Allergic reactions in those sensitive to the plant

5) Genetic Variations and Impact

There is limited research on the interaction between sea buckthorn and specific genetic variations. However, individuals with known allergies or genetic predispositions to certain conditions should consult a healthcare professional before consuming sea buckthorn. Personalized nutrition based on genetic data may offer more insights in the future.

Summary: Sea Buckthorn Research Studies

Healing Properties of Sea Buckthorn Seed Oil

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil, extracted using supercritical CO₂, has been shown to promote wound healing in rats. Oral and topical administration of the oil resulted in increased wound contraction and higher levels of hydroxyproline, hexosamine, DNA, and proteins. The oil's healing capabilities were further supported by histological analysis and the stimulation of matrix metalloproteinases, collagen type-III, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Additionally, the oil demonstrated antioxidant properties and no adverse effects were noted in toxicity studies.

Carotenoid Content Analysis

A new method using HPLC with DAD and APCI-MS identified 22 compounds including free carotenoids, xanthophylls monoesters, and xanthophylls diesters in sea buckthorn berries. The most abundant diester was zeaxanthin-C16:0,C16:0, and the study identified the esterified form of palmitoleic acid in zeaxanthin-C16:0,C16:1 for the first time.

Effects on High-Altitude Polycythemia

Sea buckthorn flavonoids administered to rats exposed to simulated high-altitude conditions resulted in decreased red blood cell count and improvements in red blood cell deformability and erythropoietin levels. The treatment also positively altered arterial blood parameters and hemodynamic changes, suggesting benefits in preventing high-altitude polycythemia.

Human Body Adaptation to High Altitudes

The human body responds to low oxygen levels at high altitudes by increasing hemoglobin levels, a process involving HIF-1alpha, erythropoietin, and red blood cells. A decrease in plasma volume also contributes to the increased concentration of hemoglobin.

Protective Effects Against Chronic Low Oxygen

An aqueous extract from sea buckthorn showed protective effects against cell damage caused by chronic low oxygen using rat liver cells. The extract reduced cell death and oxidative stress, maintaining higher levels of antioxidant molecules and enzymes compared to untreated cells.

Sea Buckthorn in Hemodialysis Patients

A study found that sea buckthorn oil supplementation did not provide significant benefits on DNA damage, saliva flow, inflammation, or oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients.

Gastric Ulcer Scores in Horses

A sea buckthorn berry and pulp formulation showed significant improvement in glandular ulcer scores in horses but did not affect non-glandular gastric ulcers.

High Altitude Effects on Body

Hyperuricemia is common in people living at high altitudes and is associated with excessive erythrocytosis, hypertension, and proteinuria, likely due to increased urate production and possibly impaired renal excretion.

Identification of New Flavonoid Compounds

Research on the chemical components of Hippophae rhamnoides seeds led to the discovery of three new flavonoid compounds, expanding knowledge about the plant's chemical diversity.

Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Berries

A new ITEX/GC-MS method was developed for profiling volatile components of sea buckthorn berries, helping to distinguish between wild and cultivated varieties.

Importance of Mitochondrial Glutathione

Mitochondrial glutathione plays a crucial role in protecting liver cells against hypoxia, regulating the production of mitochondrial oxidative stress.

Effect of Oxygen Levels on Protein Synthesis

Hepatocytes require oxygen for normal protein synthesis, which is significantly impaired under hypoxic conditions.

Hyperosmolar Stress in Dry Eye Conditions

Research indicates that hyperosmolar conditions can lead to ocular surface inflammation, which is relevant for understanding dry eye syndrome.

Sea Buckthorn Oil Against Heart Damage

Sea buckthorn oil appears to protect against heart damage from isoproterenol-induced toxicity in rats by acting as an antioxidant.

Sea Buckthorn Wine Effects

A novel sea buckthorn wine exhibited beneficial effects in reducing oxidative stress and improving cholesterol profiles in mice.

IL-6 Suppresses Adiponectin Gene Expression

The inflammatory protein IL-6 can reversibly suppress adiponectin gene expression, impacting insulin sensitivity.

Measurement of Vitamin B5 in Sea Buckthorn

A new method using stable isotope dilution assay and LC-MS allows for accurate measurement of pantothenic acid in sea buckthorn products.

Sea Buckthorn Oil on Tear Film Fatty Acids

Sea buckthorn oil did not alter the fatty acid proportions in the tear film of participants with dry eye, suggesting that other components may contribute to its positive impact.

Healing Effects on Gastric Lesions

Sea buckthorn procyanidins significantly reduced ulcer size and promoted mucosal repair in rats with acetic acid-induced gastric lesions.

Impact on Cognitive Deficits

Seabuckthorn leaf extract showed potential for treating cognitive impairment by modulating acetylcholinesterase activity and enhancing antioxidant defenses.

Antioxidant Capacity Analysis

A comparative analysis of the antioxidant capacity of extracts from different cultivars of sea buckthorn berries revealed variations in antioxidant activity and carotenoid content.

Effects on Dry Eye Syndrome

A study found that oral sea buckthorn oil helped reduce tear film osmolarity and improve symptoms associated with dry eye syndrome during colder months.

Inhibition of Thrombosis and Platelet Aggregation

Total flavones of Hippophae Rhamnoides L. exhibited potential clinical use for thrombosis prevention by inhibiting platelet aggregation and extending thrombotic occlusion time.

Pentamethylquercetin on Metabolic Diseases

Pentamethylquercetin boosts adiponectin levels in adipocytes, suggesting its potential in managing metabolic diseases by modulating adiponectin expression and related inflammatory pathways.

Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Effects

The degree of polymerization of proanthocyanidins from sea buckthorn seeds affects their antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity.

Postprandial Blood Sugar and Insulin Levels

Sea buckthorn berries and their residues were shown to have beneficial effects on insulin and glucose responses after a meal, suggesting potential management of postprandial blood sugar levels.

Extraction Methods on Antioxidant Properties

Different extraction methods were compared for their impact on the antioxidant properties of various parts of the sea buckthorn plant, with microwave-assisted extracts showing the highest antioxidant activity.

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Sea buckthorn berry oil reduced platelet aggregation in healthy men, suggesting a potential role in reducing blood clotting.

Medicinal Potential of Sea Buckthorn

Sea buckthorn has displayed various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties, but further research is needed to fully understand its cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Case of Excessive Consumption

A case study highlights the importance of comprehensive medical history, as excessive sea buckthorn consumption led to generalized yellowing of the skin in a patient.

Preventative and Treatment Effects

Sea buckthorn oils have shown potential in preventing and treating gastric ulcers in rat models.

Antioxidant Fractions Analysis

Flavonoid glycosides in the antioxidant fractions of sea buckthorn seeds were profiled, contributing to their significant antioxidant activity.

Effects on Blood Fat Levels

Sea buckthorn berries and extraction residues modulated blood fat levels after a meal, with fiber and polyphenols potentially playing a role in delaying lipemia.

Folate Vitamer Stability

A study on sea buckthorn products revealed that processing and storage temperatures affect the stability of folate vitamers, with the main form remaining stable under certain conditions.

Quercetin's Protective Effects

Quercetin protected rats from low oxygen condition-induced damage by improving cardiac function, blood gases, antioxidant systems, and nitric oxide metabolism.

Vitamin C Content and Stability

Sea buckthorn berries, known for high vitamin C content, showed a significant loss during juice and concentrate production, with storage temperatures affecting stability.

Definitions and Classifications of Dry Eye

The International Dry Eye WorkShop updated the definition and classification system for dry eye disease, proposing a new definition and a three-part classification system.

Pharmacokinetic Properties of Flavones

An UPLC-MS method analyzed the pharmacokinetics of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin in the total flavone extract of Hippophae rhamnoides L. after oral administration in rats.

Fatty Acid Composition of Oils

Analysis of the fatty acid composition of oils from different parts of sea buckthorn cultivars revealed variations and valuable sources of oleic acid and PUFAs.

Adaptogenic Effects of Leaf Extract

Seabuckthorn leaf extract showed adaptogenic properties in stress-exposed rats and was non-toxic even at high doses.

Obesity and Blood Glucose Management

Seabuckthorn leaf extract may help manage obesity and related metabolic disorders by improving body weight and blood lipid and glucose levels.

Zeaxanthin Ester Analysis

LC-MS techniques improved the characterization of zeaxanthin esters in plant extracts, identifying significant sources such as sea buckthorn.

Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties

Solid dispersion formulations of the total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. enhanced the pharmacokinetic properties of isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol.

Isorhamnetin's Anti-Obesity Effects

Isorhamnetin may prevent fat cell development by downregulating specific transcription factors responsible for adipogenesis.

Characterization of Flavonoid Glycosides

Advanced LC-MS/MS techniques provided detailed analysis of flavonoid glycosides in sea buckthorn fruits, including two new compounds with antioxidant activities.

Isorhamnetin on Cardiomyocytes

Isorhamnetin protected heart muscle cells from oxidative stress-induced damage by scavenging ROS and inactivating ERK.

Proanthocyanidins on Protein Digestion

Proanthocyanidins from sea buckthorn affected the enzymatic breakdown of protein, influencing digestion and availability when consumed.

Flavonol Glycosides and Adipogenesis

Three new flavonol glycosides from sea buckthorn leaves were identified and found to impact the differentiation of preadipocytes and production of nitric oxide in immune cells.

Adiponectin Modulation by JNK Inhibitor

A study showed the potential role of the JNK signaling pathway in controlling adiponectin expression when activated by TNF-alpha.

Angiogenesis in Herbal Medicine

The significance of angiogenesis in biological processes and diseases was discussed, highlighting the therapeutic potential of plant extracts in promoting angiogenesis and aiding in wound healing.

Effects on Children with Functional Dyspepsia

Sea buckthorn improved appetite-related factors, sped up gastric emptying, and aided growth in children with functional dyspepsia.

Antioxidant Effects on Skin Aging

An oral sea buckthorn fruit blend reduced UV-induced wrinkle formation, decreased skin thickness, and maintained normal skin moisture levels in mice.

References:

1. Safety and healing efficacy of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil on burn wounds in rats
2. Determination of carotenoids and their esters in fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS
3. Protective effect of total flavonoids of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) in simulated high-altitude polycythemia in rats
4. Heights and haematology: the story of haemoglobin at altitude
5. Hippophins C-F, four new flavonoids, acylated with one monoterpenic acid from the seed residue of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis
6. Efficacy of aqueous extract of Hippophae rhamnoides and its bio-active flavonoids against hypoxia-induced cell death
7. Casuarinin suppresses TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22 production via blockade of NF-κB and STAT1 activation in HaCaT cells
8. The effect of sea buckthorn supplement on oral health, inflammation, and DNA damage in hemodialysis patients: a double-blinded, randomized crossover study
9. Effect of sea buckthorn berries and pulp in a liquid emulsion on gastric ulcer scores and gastric juice pH in horses
10. Hyperuricemia, hypertension, and proteinuria associated with high-altitude polycythemia
11. Three new flavonoids from the seeds of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis
12. In-tube extraction and GC-MS analysis of volatile components from wild and cultivated sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. Carpatica) berry varieties and juice
13. Critical role of mitochondrial glutathione in the survival of hepatocytes during hypoxia
14. Adenine nucleotides and inhibition of protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes incubated under different pO2 levels
15. Hyperosmolar saline is a proinflammatory stress on the mouse ocular surface
16. Seabuckthorn attenuates cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats
17. Protective effects of a novel sea buckthorn wine on oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia
18. Adiponectin gene expression and secretion is inhibited by interleukin-6 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
19. Effects of processing and of storage on the stability of pantothenic acid in sea buckthorn products (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides) assessed by stable isotope dilution assay
20. Effects of oral sea buckthorn oil on tear film Fatty acids in individuals with dry eye
21. Effects of sea buckthorn procyanidins on healing of acetic acid-induced lesions in the rat stomach
22. Effect of seabuckthorn extract on scopolamine induced cognitive impairment
23. Antioxidant capacity of crude extracts containing carotenoids from the berries of various cultivars of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)
24. Oral sea buckthorn oil attenuates tear film osmolarity and symptoms in individuals with dry eye
25. Inhibitory effects of total flavones of Hippophae Rhamnoides L on thrombosis in mouse femoral artery and in vitro platelet aggregation
26. Pentamethylquercetin improves adiponectin expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells via a mechanism that implicates PPARγ together with TNF-α and IL-6
27. Effect of polymerization on antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of sea buckthorn (H. rhamnoides) proanthocyanidins
28. Postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response are affected by sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica) berry and its ethanol-soluble metabolites
29. Microwave-assisted efficient extraction of different parts of Hippophae rhamnoides for the comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity and quantification of its phenolic constituents by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
30. Sea buckthorn berry oil inhibits platelet aggregation
31. Remedial Prospective of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. (Sea Buckthorn)
32. Generalized yellow skin caused by high intake of sea buckthorn
33. Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) seed and pulp oils on experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats
34. HPLC-DAD-MS/MS profiling of antioxidant flavonoid glycosides in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seeds
35. The fibres and polyphenols in sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) extraction residues delay postprandial lipemia
36. Folate content in sea buckthorn berries and related products (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides): LC-MS/MS determination of folate vitamer stability influenced by processing and storage assessed by stable isotope dilution assay
37. Modulatory effects of quercetin on hypobaric hypoxic rats
38. Vitamin C content in sea buckthorn berries (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp. rhamnoides) and related products: a kinetic study on storage stability and the determination of processing effects
39. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007)
40. Pharmacokinetic properties of isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin after oral gavage of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L. in rats using a UPLC-MS method
41. Fatty acids in berry lipids of six sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., subspecies carpatica) cultivars grown in Romania
42. Possible mechanism of adaptogenic activity of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) during exposure to cold, hypoxia and restraint (C-H-R) stress induced hypothermia and post stress recovery in rats
43. Effect of seabuckthorn leaf extracts on circulating energy fuels, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters in rats during exposure to cold, hypoxia and restraint (C-H-R) stress and post stress recovery
44. Influence of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) flavone on dermal wound healing in rats
45. Adaptogenic and safety evaluation of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) leaf extract: a dose dependent study
46. Ethanolic extract of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice through down-regulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression
47. Identification and quantification of zeaxanthin esters in plants using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
48. Effects of solid dispersion and self-emulsifying formulations on the solubility, dissolution, permeability and pharmacokinetics of isorhamnetin, quercetin and kaempferol in total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L
49. Isorhamnetin represses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells
50. Enhanced profiling of flavonol glycosides in the fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)
51. Isorhamnetin inhibits H₂O₂-induced activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in H9c2 cardiomyocytes through scavenging reactive oxygen species and ERK inactivation
52. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) proanthocyanidins inhibit in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of protein
53. Inhibitory effects of the constituents of Hippophae rhamnoides on 3T3-L1 cell differentiation and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells
54. c-Jun N-terminal kinase is involved in the suppression of adiponectin expression by TNF-alpha in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
55. Proangiogenic activity of plant extracts in accelerating wound healing - a new face of old phytomedicines
56. Influence of hippophae rhamnoides on two appetite factors, gastric emptying and metabolic parameters, in children with functional dyspepsia
57. UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice is effectively prevented by oral intake of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit blend for 6 weeks through MMP suppression and increase of SOD activity

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