Theaflavins Overview

1) Studied Conditions

Theaflavins have been studied for a variety of health conditions, including:

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Inflammatory conditions
• Cancer
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Viral infections
• Neurodegenerative diseases

2) Efficacy in Treating Conditions

Research on the efficacy of theaflavins in treating these conditions is ongoing. Some studies suggest potential benefits due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering effects. However, more clinical trials are required to confirm these results and establish effective dosages and treatments.

3) Health Benefits

Theaflavins are associated with several health benefits, such as:

• Antioxidant properties that help in protecting against cellular damage
• Anti-inflammatory effects that may reduce the risk of chronic diseases
• Cholesterol-lowering potential that could benefit heart health
• Antimicrobial activity that may support the immune system
• Potential to improve metabolic health and regulate blood sugar levels

4) Downsides

While theaflavins are generally considered safe, especially when consumed as part of tea, there are potential downsides:

• Excessive intake may lead to negative effects on liver health
• Possible interactions with certain medications
• Too much consumption can lead to caffeine-related side effects such as insomnia and increased heart rate
• Limited availability of theaflavins in supplement form compared to natural tea consumption

5) Genetic Variations

There is limited research on theaflavins' effects on specific genetic variations. Some studies suggest that genetic differences in metabolism can influence how individuals respond to the compounds in tea, which may include theaflavins. People with certain genetic polymorphisms may experience more pronounced benefits or side effects, but more research is needed to fully understand these interactions.

Research Summary on Theaflavins

Theaflavins are a group of polyphenolic compounds derived from black tea with potential health benefits. Recent research has explored their effects across various health contexts.

Anticancer Properties

Theaflavins have been studied for their potential to combat cancer. They can induce apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibit cell proliferation, and affect cell signaling pathways associated with tumor growth. This includes suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and enzymes, disrupting microtubules essential for cell division, and reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells.

Cardiovascular Benefits

Theaflavins have been shown to improve endothelial function, potentially aiding in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. They stimulate nitric oxide production and vasodilation, which can contribute to cardiovascular health.

Neuroprotective Effects

Research suggests that theaflavins may protect neurons against damage related to Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders due to their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Anti-Inflammatory and Immune System Regulation

Theaflavins exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and may regulate the immune response by influencing cytokine levels and maintaining antioxidant status. They have also been linked to inhibiting enzymes that are involved in inflammatory responses.

Metabolic and Antidiabetic Effects

Studies have indicated that theaflavins may aid in managing blood glucose levels by inhibiting enzymes that produce glucose from food. They have also been implicated in the metabolism of lipids, suggesting a potential role in preventing obesity and fatty liver disease.

Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities

Theaflavins have demonstrated antiviral activities, including the potential to prevent HIV transmission and inhibit influenza virus replication. They also show antimicrobial properties against pathogens like Candida species.

Conclusion

Overall, theaflavins from black tea exhibit a range of health-promoting properties, including anticancer, cardiovascular, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, metabolic, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects. While further research is required to fully understand and harness these benefits, theaflavins remain promising compounds for improving human health.

References:

1. Combined inhibition of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma by soy and tea bioactive components in mice
2. Vaginal gel formulation based on theaflavin derivatives as a microbicide to prevent HIV sexual transmission
3. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses
4. Black tea and mammary gland carcinogenesis by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in rats fed control or high fat diets
5. Protective effect of theaflavins on homocysteine-induced injury in HUVEC cells in vitro
6. Black tea theaflavins extend the lifespan of fruit flies
7. Differential effects of vinblastine on polymerization and dynamics at opposite microtubule ends
8. CD4 T cells and their role in antitumor immune responses
9. Molecular binding of black tea theaflavins to biological membranes: relationship to bioactivities
10. Possible effects of dietary polyphenols on sugar absorption and digestion
11. PCR differential display-based identification of regulator of G protein signaling 10 as the target gene in human colon cancer cells induced by black tea polyphenol theaflavin monogallate
12. Mechanism of action of antitumor drugs that interact with microtubules and tubulin
13. Inhibition of Eph receptor-ephrin ligand interaction by tea polyphenols
14. Tea polyphenols inhibit rat osteoclast formation and differentiation
15. Theaflavins from black tea, especially theaflavin-3-gallate, reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into mixed micelles
16. Characteristics of catechin- and theaflavin-mediated cardioprotection
17. Black-tea polyphenols decrease micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro and intestinal absorption of cholesterol in rats
18. Tumor-shed PGE(2) impairs IL2Rgammac-signaling to inhibit CD4 T cell survival: regulation by theaflavins
19. Polymer-like polyphenols of black tea and their lipase and amylase inhibitory activities
20. Theaflavins inhibit the ATP synthase and the respiratory chain without increasing superoxide production
21. Cancer-associated immunodeficiency and dendritic cell abnormalities mediated by the prostaglandin EP2 receptor
22. Novel screening method for potential skin-whitening compounds by a luciferase reporter assay
23. The microbiota is essential for the generation of black tea theaflavins-derived metabolites
24. The chemistry and biotransformation of tea constituents
25. Reaction of the black tea pigment theaflavin during enzymatic oxidation of tea catechins
26. Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease
27. Phenolics: prooxidants or antioxidants?
28. Black tea polyphenol theaflavin suppresses LPS-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression via blockage of NF-κB and JNK activation in intestinal epithelial cells
29. Effects of PGE2 upon differentiation and programmed cell death of suspension cultured CD4-CD8- thymocytes
30. [Effects of theaflavins on the signal transduction pathway of epidermal growth factor receptor in airway mucous hypersecretion]
31. The efficacy of black tea in ameliorating endothelial function is equivalent to that of green tea
33. Increase of theaflavin gallates and thearubigins by acceleration of catechin oxidation in a new fermented tea product obtained by the tea-rolling processing of loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica ) and green tea leaves
34. Prostaglandin E2 impairs CD4+ T cell activation by inhibition of lck: implications in Hodgkin's lymphoma
35. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses signaling by the dsRNA innate immune receptor RIG-I
36. Tea polyphenols and theaflavins are present in prostate tissue of humans and mice after green and black tea consumption
37. Catechins inhibit CXCL10 production from oncostatin M-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts
38. Theaflavin derivatives in black tea and catechin derivatives in green tea inhibit HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41
39. MT1-MMP correlates with MMP-2 activation potential seen after epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human breast carcinoma cells
40. Therapeutic attenuation of neuroinflammation and apoptosis by black tea theaflavin in chronic MPTP/probenecid model of Parkinson's disease
41. In vitro cytotoxicity of a theaflavin mixture from black tea to malignant, immortalized, and normal cells from the human oral cavity
42. In vitro cytotoxicity of a theaflavin mixture from black tea to malignant, immortalized, and normal cells from the human oral cavity
43. Vimentin regulates EMT induction by Slug and oncogenic H-Ras and migration by governing Axl expression in breast cancer
44. EGCG remodels mature alpha-synuclein and amyloid-beta fibrils and reduces cellular toxicity
45. Inhibition of salivary amylase by black and green teas and their effects on the intraoral hydrolysis of starch
46. Green, oolong and black tea extracts modulate lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia rats fed high-sucrose diet
47. Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, a component of black tea: an inducer of oxidative stress and apoptosis
48. Inhibition of arsenite-induced apoptosis and AP-1 activity by epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theaflavins
49. Theaflavins target Fas/caspase-8 and Akt/pBad pathways to induce apoptosis in p53-mutated human breast cancer cells
50. Green tea catechins upregulate superoxide dismutase and catalase in fruit flies
51. The inhibition of the mammalian DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) by dietary black tea and coffee polyphenols
52. Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced activator protein 1 activation and cell transformation by tea polyphenols, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, and theaflavins
53. Tea polyphenols inhibit IL-6 production in tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts
54. Analysis of theaflavins and thearubigins from black tea extract by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
55. Inhibitory effects of various beverages on human recombinant sulfotransferase isoforms SULT1A1 and SULT1A3
56. The effects of theaflavin-enriched black tea extract on muscle soreness, oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine responses to acute anaerobic interval training: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study
57. Differential modulation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine secretion by prostaglandin E2 critically depends on interleukin-2
58. Inhibition of 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) from rat testis by green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins
59. Structural identification of mouse fecal metabolites of theaflavin 3,3'-digallate using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
60. The theaflavin fraction is responsible for the facilitatory effect of black tea at the skeletal myoneural junction
61. Microtubules and signal transduction
62. Affinity interactions between natural pigments and human whole saliva
63. Inhibition of salivary amylase by water-soluble extracts of tea
64. Inhibition of mitochondrial proton F0F1-ATPase/ATP synthase by polyphenolic phytochemicals
65. Theaflavin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through its anti-inflammatory effect and modulation of STAT-1
66. Structural identification of theaflavin trigallate and tetragallate from black tea using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
67. Synergistic effects of tea polyphenols and ascorbic acid on human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells
68. Role of oxidation-triggered activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in black tea polyphenols induced apoptotic death of A375 cells
69. STAT1 is activated in neurons after ischemia and contributes to ischemic brain injury
70. Black tea theaflavins inhibit formation of toxic amyloid-β and α-synuclein fibrils
71. Oxidation-triggered c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways for apoptosis in human leukaemic cells stimulated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): a distinct pathway from those of chemically induced and receptor-mediated apoptosis
72. Antifungal activity of black tea polyphenols (catechins and theaflavins) against Candida species
73. Effects of theaflavins on melanin biosynthesis in mouse b16 melanoma cells
74. Oxidative cascade reactions yielding polyhydroxy-theaflavins and theacitrins in the formation of black tea thearubigins: evidence by tandem LC-MS
75. Protective effect of theaflavins on cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in male rats
76. Black tea polyphenol inhibits CXCL10 production in oncostatin M-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts
77. Interactions between flavonoids and proteins: effect on the total antioxidant capacity
78. Tea polyphenols induce apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB and Akt activation in human cervical cancer cells
79. Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling in physiology and disease
80. Black-tea polyphenols suppress postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia by suppressing lymphatic transport of dietary fat in rats
81. Chemopreventive potential of diallylsulfide, lycopene and theaflavin during chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rat colon through modulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase pathways
82. Theaflavins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating AMPK in human HepG2 cells
83. Unraveling the structure of the black tea thearubigins
84. Proteasome inhibition leads to a heat-shock response, induction of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones, and thermotolerance
85. Effects of the black tea polyphenol theaflavin-2 on apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in vitro and in vivo
86. ATP-dependent potassium channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores play roles in the cardioprotection of theaflavin in young rat
87. Tea and cancer prevention: an evaluation of the epidemiologic literature
88. Molecular binding of catechins to biomembranes: relationship to biological activity
89. Simultaneous determination of all polyphenols in vegetables, fruits, and teas
90. Effect of black tea polyphenols on plasma lipids in cholesterol-fed rats
91. Digallate dimers of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inactivate herpes simplex virus
92. Theaflavins depolymerize microtubule network through tubulin binding and cause apoptosis of cervical carcinoma HeLa cells
93. Antibacterial effects of theaflavin and synergy with epicatechin against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
94. Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-gallate modulates early events in huntingtin misfolding and reduces toxicity in Huntington's disease models
95. Theaflavin attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in a mouse fatty liver model
96. Analysis of glycosidically bound aroma precursors in tea leaves. 2. Changes in glycoside contents and glycosidase activities in tea leaves during the black tea manufacturing process
97. Methylglyoxal: its presence and potential scavengers
98. Theaflavin digallate inactivates plasminogen activator inhibitor: could tea help in Alzheimer's disease and obesity?
99. The protective effect of late preconditioning against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits is mediated by nitric oxide synthase. Evidence that nitric oxide acts both as a trigger and as a mediator of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning
100. Diverse inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by theaflavins of black tea
101. Identification of a PKCepsilon-dependent regulation of myocardial contraction by epicatechin-3-gallate
102. Comparative studies on the hypolipidemic and growth suppressive effects of oolong, black, pu-erh, and green tea leaves in rats
103. Suppression of extracellular signals and cell proliferation by the black tea polyphenol, theaflavin-3,3'-digallate
104. Theaflavins extracted from black tea inhibit airway mucous hypersecretion induced by cigarette smoke in rats
105. Evaluation of different teas against starch digestibility by mammalian glycosidases
106. A natural theaflavins preparation inhibits HIV-1 infection by targeting the entry step: potential applications for preventing HIV-1 infection
107. The role of CD4+ T cell responses in antitumor immunity
108. Theanaphthoquinone inhibits fatty acid synthase expression in EGF-stimulated human breast cancer cells via the regulation of EGFR/ErbB-2 signaling
109. alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory profile of catechins and theaflavins
110. A high-throughput turbidometric assay for screening inhibitors of Leishmania major protein disulfide isomerase
111. New dibenzotropolone derivatives characterized from black tea using LC/MS/MS
112. Black tea polyphenols induce human leukemic cell cycle arrest by inhibiting Akt signaling: possible involvement of Hsp90, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and FOXO1
113. Black tea polyphenol (theaflavin) downregulates MMP-2 in human melanoma cell line A375 by involving multiple regulatory molecules
114. Intake estimation of total and individual flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and theaflavins, their food sources and determinants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study
115. Effects of infusion time and addition of milk on content and absorption of polyphenols from black tea
116. Theaflavin Inhibits LPS-Induced IL-6, MCP-1, and ICAM-1 Expression in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Through the Blockade of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways
117. Breast cancer prevention by green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins in the C3(1) SV40 T,t antigen transgenic mouse model is accompanied by increased apoptosis and a decrease in oxidative DNA adducts
118. Black tea and theaflavins suppress various inflammatory modulators and i-NOS mediated nitric oxide synthesis during gastric ulcer healing
119. Tea polyphenols can restrict benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis by altered expression of p53-associated genes and H-ras, c-myc and cyclin D1
120. Analysis of theaflavins in biological fluids using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry
121. Ischaemic preconditioning inhibits opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in the reperfused rat heart
122. Chromosome-microtubule interactions during mitosis
123. In vivo antioxidant effect of green and black tea in man
124. Purified black tea theaflavins and theaflavins/catechin supplements did not affect serum lipids in healthy individuals with mildly to moderately elevated cholesterol concentrations
125. The late phase of ischemic preconditioning is abrogated by targeted disruption of the inducible NO synthase gene
126. In vitro anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities of theaflavin derivatives
127. Monocyte PGE2 secretion in Hodgkin's disease and its relation to decreased cellular immunity
128. Radical-scavenging abilities and antioxidant properties of theaflavins and their gallate esters in H2O2-mediated oxidative damage system in the HPF-1 cells
129. Bioavailability of catechins from tea: the effect of milk
130. Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-I and LGP2
131. Theaflavins induced apoptosis of LNCaP cells is mediated through induction of p53, down-regulation of NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways
132. Prostate and mammary adenocarcinoma in transgenic mice carrying a rat C3(1) simian virus 40 large tumor antigen fusion gene
133. Tea, or tea and milk, inhibit mammary gland and colon carcinogenesis in rats
134. Theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3'-gallate, polyphenols in black tea with prooxidant properties
135. Theaflavin ameliorates behavioral deficits, biochemical indices and monoamine transporters expression against subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease
136. New phenolic components and chromatographic profiles of green and fermented teas
137. A single dose of tea with or without milk increases plasma antioxidant activity in humans
138. Theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate induces epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation
139. Production of hydrogen peroxide and methionine sulfoxide by epigallocatechin gallate and antioxidants
140. Th1 immune response promotes severe bone resorption caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis
141. Contribution of p53-mediated Bax transactivation in theaflavin-induced mammary epithelial carcinoma cell apoptosis
142. Black tea polyphenols reverse epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and suppress cancer invasion and proteases in human oral cancer cells
143. Polyphenols extracted from black tea (Camellia sinensis) residue by hot-compressed water and their inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase in vitro
144. Induction of apoptosis in thymocytes by prostaglandin E2 in vivo
145. Black tea polyphenols inhibit tumor proteasome activity
146. Molecular dynamics study on the biophysical interactions of seven green tea catechins with lipid bilayers of cell membranes
147. Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial
148. Targeting RET to induce medullary thyroid cancer cell apoptosis: an antagonistic interplay between PI3K/Akt and p38MAPK/caspase-8 pathways
149. Theaflavin, a black tea polyphenol, protects nigral dopaminergic neurons against chronic MPTP/probenecid induced Parkinson's disease
150. Theaflavins retard human breast cancer cell migration by inhibiting NF-kappaB via p53-ROS cross-talk
151. Modulation of the oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation by theaflavin 3,3'-gallate in the rats exposed to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion
152. Theaflavins induce G2/M arrest by modulating expression of p21waf1/cip1, cdc25C and cyclin B in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells
153. Differential effects of theaflavin monogallates on cell growth, apoptosis, and Cox-2 gene expression in cancerous versus normal cells
154. Phenolic promiscuity in the cell nucleus--epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate from green and black tea bind to model cell nuclear structures including histone proteins, double stranded DNA and telomeric quadruplex DNA
155. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by tea
156. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved
157. Elevated plasma prostaglandin E2 levels found in 14 patients undergoing autologous bone marrow or stem cell transplantation
158. Preventive effects of black tea theaflavins against mouse type IV allergy
159. Black tea polyphenols mimic insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling to the longevity factor FOXO1a
160. Effects of L-arginine on the diaphragm muscle twitches elicited at different frequencies of nerve stimulation
161. Polyphenols action against oxidative stress formation in endothelial cells

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